Publication Cover
Child Neuropsychology
A Journal on Normal and Abnormal Development in Childhood and Adolescence
Volume 30, 2024 - Issue 3
403
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The multifaceted role of neuropsychology in pediatric solid organ transplant: preliminary guidelines and strategies for clinical practice

ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 503-537 | Received 23 Nov 2022, Accepted 31 May 2023, Published online: 08 Jun 2023

References

  • Afshar, S., Porter, M., Barton, B., & Stormon, M. (2018). Intellectual and academic outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation: Relationship with transplant-related factors. American Journal of Transplantation, 18(9), 2229–2237. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.14924
  • Alonso, E. M., & Sorensen, L. G. (2009). Cognitive development following pediatric solid organ transplantation. Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation, 14(5), 522–525. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0b013e3283307a62
  • Amatya, K., Monnin, K., & Steinberg Christofferson, E. (2021). Psychological functioning and psychosocial issues in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatric Transplantation, 25(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13842
  • Anghel, D., Tanasescu, R., Campeanu, A., Lupescu, I., Podda, G., & Bajenaru, O. (2013). Neurotoxicity of immunosuppressive therapies in organ transplantation. Maedica, 8(2), 170–175.
  • Annunziato, R. A., Arrato, N., Rubes, M., & Arnon, R. (2015). The importance of mental health monitoring during transfer to adult care settings as examined among paediatric transplant recipients. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 51(2), 220–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12765
  • Antonini, T. N., Beer, S. S., Miloh, T., Dreyer, W. J., & Caudle, S. E. (2017). Neuropsychological functioning in preschool-aged children undergoing evaluation for organ transplant. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(2), 352–370. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1211245
  • Antonini, T. N., Dreyer, W. J., & Caudle, S. E. (2018). Neurodevelopmental functioning in children being evaluated for heart transplant prior to 2 years of age. Child Neuropsychology, 24(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2016.1223283
  • Arnold, R., Issar, T., Krishnan, A. V., & Pussell, B. A. (2016). Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease. JRSM Cardiovascular Disease, 5, 204800401667768. https://doi.org/10.1177/2048004016677687
  • Balsamo, L. M., Mitchell, H., Ross, W., Metayer, C., Hardy, K. K., & Kaden Lottick, N. S. (2019). Monitoring neurocognitive functioning in childhood cancer survivors: Evaluation of CogState computerized assessment and the Brief Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). BMC Psychology, 7(26), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-019-0302-3
  • Barnes, A., & Gibson, W. (2021). Pediatric heart transplant. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery, 30(2), 151039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sempedsurg.2021.151039
  • Baum, M., Freier, M. C., Freeman, K., Babikian, T., Ashwal, S., Chinnock, R., & Bailey, L. (2004). Neuropsychological outcome of infant heart transplant recipients. The Journal of Pediatrics, 145(3), 365–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.05.047
  • Baum, K. T., Powell, S. K., Jacobson, L. A., Gragert, M. N., Janzen, L. A., Paltin, I., Rey-Casserly, C. M., & Wilkening, G. N. (2016). Implementing guidelines: Proposed definitions of neuropsychology services in pediatric oncology. Pediatric Blood and Cancer, 64(8), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/pbc.26446
  • Beca, J., Gunn, J. K., Coleman, L., Hope, A., Reed, P. W., Hunt, R. W., Finucane, K., Brizard, C., Dance, B., & Shekerdemian, L. S. (2013). New white matter brain injury after infant heart surgery is associated with diagnostic group and the use of circulatory arrest. Circulation, 127(9), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001089
  • Becherucci, F., Roperto, R. M., Materassi, M., & Romagnani, P. (2016). Chronic kidney disease in children. Clinical Kidney Journal, 9(4), 583–591. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfw047
  • Bell, L. E., Bartosh, S. M., Davis, C. L., Dobbels, F., Al-Uzri, A., Lotstein, D., Reiss, J., & Dharnidharka, V. R. (2008). Adolescent transition to adult care in solid organ transplantation: A consensus conference report. American Journal of Transplantation, 8(11), 2230–2242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02415.x
  • Bellinger, D. C., Wypij, D., Kuban, K. C. K., Rappaport, L. A., Hickey, P. R., Wernovsky, G., Jones, R. A., & Newburger, J. W. (1999). Developmental and neurological status of children at 4 years of age after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation, 100(5), 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.100.5.526
  • Blum, R. W., Garell, D., Hodgman, C. H., Jorissen, T. W., Okinow, N. A., Orr, D. P., & Slap, G. B. (1993). Transition from child-centered to adult health-care systems for adolescents with chronic conditions. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14(7), 570–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139x(93)90143-d
  • Brosig, C. L., Mussatto, K. A., Kuhn, E. M., & Tweddell, J. S. (2007). Neurodevelopmental outcome in preschool survivors of complex congenital heart disease: Implications for clinical practice. Journal of Pediatric Health Care: Official Publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners, 21(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2006.03.008
  • Brouhard, B. H., Donaldson, L. A., Lawry, K. W., McGowan, K. R. B., Drotar, D., Davis, I., Rose, S., Cohn, R. A., & Tejani, A. (2000). Cognitive functioning in children on dialysis and post-transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 4(4), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3046.2000.00121.x
  • Bürker, B. S., Gullestad, L., Gude, E., Relbo Authen, A., Grov, I., Hol, P. K., Andreassen, A. K., Arora, S., Dew, M. A., Fiane, A. E., Haraldsen, I. R., Malt, U. F., & Andersson, S. (2017). Cognitive function after heart transplantation: Comparing everolimus-based and calcineurin inhibitor-based regimens. Clinical Transplantation, 31(4), e12927. https://doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12927
  • Cassidy, A. R. (2022). Congenital heart disease. In M. H. Beauchamp, R. Peterson, M. D. Ris, H. G. Taylor, & K. O. Yeates (Eds.), Pediatric neuropsychology: Research, theory, & practice (3rd ed., pp. 150–170). Guilford Press.
  • Cassidy, A. R., Ilardi, D., Bowen, S. R., Hampton, L. E., Heinrich, K. P., Loman, M. M., Sanz, J. H., & Wolfe, K. R. (2018). Congenital heart disease: A primer for the pediatric neuropsychologist. Child Neuropsychology, 24(7), 859–902. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297049.2017.1373758
  • Chadban, S. J., Ahn, C., Axelrod, D. A., Foster, B. J., Kasiske, B. L., Kher, V., Kumar, D., Oberbauer, R., Pascual, J., Pilmore, H. L., Rodrigue, J. R., Segev, D. L., Sheerin, N., Tinckam, K. J., Wong, G., Knoll, G. A., Gordon, C. E., Earley, A., Rofeberg, V., & Knoll, G. A. (2020). KDIGO clinical practice guideline on the evaluation and management of candidates for kidney transplantation. Transplantation, 104(4), S111–S103. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000003136
  • Chen, K., Didsbury, M., van Zwieten, A., Howell, M., Kim, S., Tong, A., Howard, K., Nassar, N., Barton, B., Lah, S., Lorenzo, J., Strippoli, G., Palmer, S., Teixeira-Pinto, F. M., Taggart, S., Walker, A., Kara, T., Craig, J. C., & Wong, G. (2018). Neurocognitive and educational outcomes in children and adolescents with CKD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 13(3), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09650917
  • Chen, Y., Wang, A., Tang, J., Wei, D., Li, P., Chen, K., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2015). Association of white matter integrity and cognitive functions in patients with subcortical silent lacunar infarcts. Stroke, 46(4), 1123–1126. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.008998
  • Chinnock, R. E., Freier, M. C., Ashwal, S., Pivonka-Jones, J., Shankel, T., Cutler, D., & Bailey, L. (2008). Developmental outcomes after pediatric heart transplantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 27(10), 1079–1084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2008.07.012
  • Clouchoux, C., du Plessis, A. J., Bouyssi-Kobar, M., Tworetzky, W., McElhinney, D. B., Brown, D. W., Gholipour, A., Kudelski, D., Warfield, S. K., McCarter, R. J., Robertson, R. L., Evans, A. C., Newburger, J. W., & Limperopoulos, C. (2013). Delayed cortical development in fetuses with complex congenital heart disease. Cerebral Cortex, 23(12), 2932–2943. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhs281
  • Cole, P. D., Kim, S. Y., Schembri, A., Kelly, K. M., Sulis, M., Vrooman, L., Welch, J. J. G., Ramjan, S., Silverman, L. B., & Sands, S. A. (2023). Feasibility of serial neurocognitive assessment using CogState during and after therapy for childhood leukemia. Supportive Care in Cancer, 31(109), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-022-07566-6
  • Cousino, M. K., Miller, V. A., Smith, C., Uzark, K., Lowery, R., Rottach, N., Blume, E. D., & Schumacher, K. R. (2020). Medical and end-of-life decision making in adolescents’ pre-heart transplant: A descriptive pilot study. Palliative Medicine, 34(3), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216319874689
  • Cousino, M. K., Rea, K. E., & Mednick, L. M. (2017). Understanding the healthcare communication needs of pediatric patients through the my CHATT tool: A pilot study. Journal of Communication in Healthcare, 10(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2017.1278637
  • Cousino, M. K., Schumacher, K. R., Magee, J. C., Wolfe, J., Yu, S., Eder, S. J., & Fredericks, E. M. (2019). Communication about prognosis and end‐of‐life in pediatric organ failure and transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 23(3), e13373. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13373
  • Crowe, L., Anderson, V., Hardikar, W., & Boneh, A. (2018). Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of paediatric liver transplantation for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. JIMD Reports, 43, 19–25.
  • Cuenca, A. G., Kim, H. B., & Vakili, K. (2017). Pediatric liver transplantation. Seminars in Pediatric Surgery, 26(4), 217–223. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2017.07.014
  • Cushman, G. K., Stolz, M. G., Blount, R. L., & Reed, B. (2020). Executive functioning in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients: A meta-analytic review. Transplantation, 104(2), 357–366. https://doi.org/10.1097/TP.0000000000002954
  • Daly, B., Kral, M. C., & Tarazi, R. A. (2011). The role of neuropsychological evaluation in pediatric sickle cell disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 25(6), 903–925. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2011.560190
  • Dara, N., Sayyari, A., & Imanzadeh, F. (2014). Hepatic encephalopathy: Early diagnosis in pediatric patients with cirrhosis. Iran Journal Child Neurology, 8(1), 1–11.
  • Das, B. B. (2018). Current state of pediatric heart failure. Children, 5(7), 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/children5070088
  • Davis, I. D., Chang, P. H., & Nevis, T. E. (1990). Successful renal transplantation accelerates development in young uremic children. Pediatrics, 86(4), 594–600. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.4.594
  • DeMaso, D. R., Calderon, J., Taylor, G. A., Holland, J. E., Stopp, C., White, M. T., Bellinger, D. C., Rivkin, M. J., Wypij, D., & Newburger, J. W. (2017). Psychiatric disorders in adolescents with single ventricle congenital heart disease. Pediatrics, 139(3), e20162241. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2241
  • DeMaso, D. R., Labella, M., Taylor, G. A., Forbes, P. W., Stopp, C., Bellinger, D. C., Rivkin, M. J., Wypij, D., & Newburger, J. W. (2014). Psychiatric disorders and function in adolescents with d-TGA. Journal of Pediatrics, 165(4), 760–766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.06.029
  • Deshpande, R. R., Bowles, M. J., Vilca-Melendez, H., Srinivasan, P., Girlanda, R., Dhawan, A., Mieli-Vergani, G., Muiesan, P., Heaton, N. D., & Rela, M. (2002). Results of split liver transplantation in children. Annals of Surgery, 236(2), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-200208000-00014
  • Diaz, L. K., Gaynor, J. W., Koh, S. J., Ittenbach, R. F., Gerdes, M., Bernbaum, J. C., Zackai, E. H., Clancy, R. R., Rehman, M. A., Pennington, J. W., Burnham, N., Spray, T. L., & Nicolson, S. C. (2016). Increasing cumulative exposure to volatile anesthetic agents is associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 152(2), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.03.095
  • Dobbels, F., Damme‐Lombaert, R., Vanhaecke, J., & Geest, S. D. (2005). Growing pains: Non‐adherence with the immunosuppressive regimen in adolescent transplant recipients. Pediatric Transplantation, 9(3), 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2005.00356.x
  • Downes, K. J., Danziger-Isakov, L. A., Cousino, M. K., Green, M., Michaels, M. G., Muller, W. J., Orscheln, R. C., Sharma, T. S., Statler, V. A., Wattier, R. L., & Ardura, M. I. (2020). Return to school for pediatric solid organ transplant recipients in the United States during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Expert opinion on key considerations and best practices. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 9(5), 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1093/JPIDS/PIAA095
  • Downes, M., Keenan, L., Duane, Y., Duffy, K., Fortune, G., Geoghegan, R., Conroy, H., & McMahon, C. (2022). Executive function in children with sickle cell anemia on transfusion: NIH toolbox utility in the clinical context. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(6), 1573–1588. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1847325
  • Eder, B., Melter, M., Gabler, V., Zant, R., & Knoppke, B. (2021). Risk factors associated with cognitive impairment in patients after pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 25(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13879
  • Ee, L. C., Lloyd, O., Beale, K., Fawcett, J., & Cleghorn, G. J. (2014). Academic potential and cognitive functioning of long-term survivors after childhood liver transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 18(3), 272–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12246
  • Eghtesad, B., Kelly, D., & Fung, J. J. (2011). Liver Transplantation in Children. In R, Wyllie & J. Hyams (Eds.), Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease (4th ed., pp. 853–865).
  • Elias, J., Zimack, E., Sherwood, A., MacDonald, B., Lozano, N., Long, J., & Larsen, A. D. (2020). Do parents implement pediatric neuropsychological report recommendations? The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(6), 1117–1133. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1720298
  • Emre, S., & Umman, V. (2011). Split liver transplantation: An overview. Transplantation Proceedings, 43(3), 884–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.02.036
  • Falger, J., Latal, B., Landolt, M. A., Lehmann, P., Neuhaus, T. J., & Laube, G. F. (2008). Outcome after renal transplantation. Part I: Intellectual and motor performance. Pediatric Nephrology, 23(8), 1339–1345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-008-0795-0
  • Feldmann, M., Bataillard, C., Ehrler, M., Ullrich, C., Knirsch, W., Gosteli-Peter, M., Held, U., & Latal, B. (2021). Cognitive and executive function in congenital heart disease: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 148(4). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-050875
  • Fredericks, E. M., Dore‐Stites, D., Well, A., Magee, J. C., Freed, G. L., Shieck, V., & James Lopez, M. (2010). Assessment of transition readiness skills and adherence in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatric Transplantation, 14(8), 944–953. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01349.x
  • Fredericks, E. M., Lopez, M. J., Magee, J. C., Shieck, V., & Opipari-Arrigan, L. (2007). Psychological functioning, nonadherence, and health outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 7(8), 1974–1983. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01878.x
  • Garcia Guerra, G., Robertson, C. M. T., Alton, G. Y., Joffe, A. R., Cave, D. A., Dinu, I. A., Creighton, D. E., Ross, D. B., Rebeyka, I. M., & The Western Canadian Complex Pediatric Therapies Follow-Up Group. (2011). Neurodevelopmental outcome following exposure to sedative and analgesic drugs for complex cardiac surgery in infancy. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 21(9), 932–941.
  • Gaynor, J. W., Ittenbach, R. F., Calafat, A. M., Burnham, N. B., Bradman, A., Bellinger, D. C., Henretig, F. M., Wehrung, E. E., Ward, J. L., Russell, W. W., & Spray, T. L. (2018). Perioperative exposure to suspect neurotoxicants from medical devices in newborns with congenital heart defects. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 107(2), 567–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.06.035
  • Gaynor, J. W., Stopp, C., Wypij, D., Andropoulos, D. B., Atallah, J., Atz, A. M., Beca, J., Donofrio, M. T., Duncan, K., Ghanayem, N. S., Goldberg, C. S., Hovels-Gurich, H., Ichida, F., Jacobs, J. P., Justo, R., Latal, B., Li, J. S., Mahle, W. T. … Newburger, J. W. (2015). Neurodevelopmental outcomes after cardiac surgery in infancy. Pediatrics, 135(5), 816–825. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3825
  • Ghosh, P. S., Kwon, C., Klein, M., Corder, J., & Ghosh, D. (2014). Neurologic complications following pediatric renal transplantation. Journal of Child Neurology, 29(6), 793–798. https://doi.org/10.1177/0883073813490074
  • Gilleland, J., Amaral, S., Mee, L., & Blount, R. (2012). Getting ready to leave: Transition readiness in adolescent kidney transplant recipients. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsr049
  • Gilmour, S., Adkins, R., Liddell, G. A., Jhangri, G., & Robertson, C. M. (2009). Assessment of psychoeducational outcomes after pediatric liver transplant. American Journal of Transplantation, 9(2), 294–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02480.x
  • Gilmour, S. M., Sorensen, L. G., Anand, R., Yin, W., & Alonso, E. M. (2010). School outcomes in children registered in the Studies for Pediatric Liver Transplant (SPLIT) consortium. Liver Transplantation, 16(9), 1041–1048. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.22120
  • Gipson, D. S., Hooper, S. R., Duquette, P. J., Wetherington, C. E., Stellwagen, K. K., Jenkins, T. L., & Ferris, M. E. (2006). Memory and executive functions in pediatric chronic kidney disease. Child Neuropsychology, 12(6), 391–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/09297040600876311
  • Gipson, D. S., Wetherington, C. E., Duquette, P. J., & Hooper, S. R. (2004). The nervous system and chronic kidney disease in children. Pediatric Nephrology, 19(8), 832–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-004-1532-y
  • Girouard, H. S., & Kovacs, A. H. (2020). Congenital heart disease: Education and employment considerations and outcomes. International Journal of Cardiology Congenital Heart Disease, 1, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcchd.2020.100005
  • Gold, A., Rogers, A., Cruchley, E., Rankin, S., Parmar, A., Kamath, B. M., Avitzur, Y., & Ng, V. L. (2017). Corrigendum to “assessment of school readiness in chronic cholestatic liver disease: A pilot study examining children with and without liver transplantation. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 2017, 3125082. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3125082
  • Goldschmidt, I., van Dick, R., Jacobi, C., Junge, N., Pfister, E., Richter, N., & Baumann, U. (2019). Impact of immunosuppression on executive functioning after pediatric liver transplantation: An observational cohort study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, 68(4), 480–487. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002274
  • Gulleroglu, K., Baskin, E., Bayrakci, U. S., Aydogan, M., Alehan, F., Kantar, A., Karakayali, F., Moray, G., & Haberal, M. (2013). Neurocognitive functions in pediatric renal transplant patients. Transplantation Proceedings, 45(10), 3511–3513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.08.105
  • Gungor, S., Kilic, B., Arslan, M., Selimoglu, M. A., Karabiber, H., & Yilmaz, S. (2017). Early and late neurological complications of liver transplantation in pediatric patients. Pediatric Transplantation, 21(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12872
  • Gutierrez-Colina, A. M., Eaton, C. K., Lee, J. L., Reed-Knight, B., Loiselle, K., Mee, L. L., LaMotte, J., Liverman, R., & Blount, R. L. (2016). Executive functioning, barriers to adherence, and nonadherence in adolescent and young adult transplant recipients. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 41(7), 759–767. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv107
  • Haavisto, A., Korkman, M., Holmberg, C., Jalanko, H., & Qvist, E. (2012). Neuropsychological profile of children with kidney transplants. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 27(6), 2594–2601. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr650
  • Haavisto, A., Korkman, M., Jalanko, H., Holmberg, C., & Qvist, E. (2010). Neurocognitive function of pediatric heart transplant recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation: The Official Publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation, 29(7), 764–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.02.008
  • Hackl, C., Schlitt, H. J., Melter, M., Knoppke, B., & Loss, M. (2015). Current developments in pediatric liver transplantation. World Journal of Hepatology, 7(11), 1509–1520. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v7.i11.1509
  • Hardy, K. K., Olson, K., Cox, S. M., Kennedy, T., & Walsh, K. S. (2017). Systematic review: A prevention-based model of neuropsychological assessment for children with medical illness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 42(8), 815–822. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsx060
  • Harshman, L. A., Johnson, R. J., Matheson, M. B., Kogon, A. J., Shinnar, S., Gerson, A. C., Warady, B. A., Furth, S. L., & Hooper, S. R. (2019). Academic achievement in children with chronic kidney disease: A report from the CKiD cohort. Pediatric Nephrology, 34(4), 689–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4144-7
  • Heitzer, A. M., Ashford, J. M., Harel, B. T., Schembri, A., Swain, M. A., Wallace, J., Ness, K. K., Wang, F., Zhang, H., Merchant, T. E., Robinson, G. W., Gajjar, A., & Conklin, H. (2019). Computerized assessment of cognitive impairment among children undergoing radiation therapy for medulloblastoma. Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 141(2), 403–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-018-03046-2
  • Hinton, R. B., & Ware, S. M. (2017). Heart failure in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Circulation Research, 120(6), 978–994. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.308996
  • Hocking, M. C., Walsh, K. S., Hardy, K. K., & Conklin, H. M. (2021). Addressing neurocognitive late effects in pediatric cancer survivors: Current approaches and future opportunities. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 39(16), 1824–1833. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.02327
  • Holland, J. E., Cassidy, A. R., Stopp, C., White, M. T., Bellinger, D. C., Rivkin, M. J., Newburger, J. W., & DeMaso, D. R. (2017). Psychiatric disorders and function in adolescents with tetralogy of fallot. The Journal of Pediatrics, 187, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.048
  • Hooper, S. R., Gerson, A. C., Butler, R. W., Gipson, D. S., Mendley, S. R., Lande, M. B., Shinnar, S., Wentz, A., Matheson, M., Cox, C., Furth, S. L., & Warady, B. A. (2011). Neurocognitive functioning of children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate chronic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 6(8), 1824–1830. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09751110
  • Hooper, S. R., Gerson, A. C., Johnson, R. J., Mendley, S. R., Shinnar, S., Lande, M. B., Matheson, M. B., Gipson, D. S., Morgenstern, B., Warady, B. A., & Furth, S. L. (2016). Neurocognitive, social-behavioral, and adaptive functioning in preschool children with mild to moderate kidney disease. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 37(3), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000267
  • Icard, P., Hooper, S. R., Gipson, D. S., & Ferris, M. E. (2010). Cognitive improvement in children with CKD after transplant. Pediatric Transplantation, 14(7), 887–890. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01359.x
  • Janvier, A., Bourque, C. J., Dahan, S., Robson, K., & Barrington, K. J. (2019). Integrating parents in neonatal and pediatric research. Neonatology, 115(4), 283–291. https://doi.org/10.1159/000492502
  • Jassal, Y. R., Christofferson, E. S., Everitt, M. D., & Wolfe, K. R. (2021). Specific patterns of executive functioning weaknesses among children after heart transplant. Pediatric Transplantation, 25(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.14033
  • Joffe, A. R., Wong, K., Bond, G. Y., Khodayari Moez, E., Acton, B. V., Dinu, I. A., Yap, J. Y. K., & Robertson, C. M. T. (2020). Kindergarten-age neurocognitive, functional, and quality-of-life outcomes after liver transplantation at under 6 years of age. Pediatric Transplantation, 24(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13624
  • Johnson, R. J., & Harshman, L. A. (2021). Neurocognition in pediatric chronic kidney disease: A review of data from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. Seminars in Nephrology, 41(5), 446–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2021.09.007
  • Johnson, R. J., & Warady, B. A. (2013). Long-term neurocognitive outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease during infancy. Pediatric Nephrology, 28(8), 1283–1291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-013-2458-z
  • Joshee, P., Wood, A. G., Wood, E. R., & Grunfeld, E. A. (2018). Meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in patients following kidney transplantation. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation: Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association, 33(7), 1268–1277. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfx240
  • Kahana, S. Y., Frazier, T. W., & Drotar, D. (2008). Preliminary quantative investigation of predictors of treatment non-adherence in pediatric transplantation: A brief report. Pediatric Transplantation, 12(6), 656–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2007.00864.x
  • Kaller, T., Langguth, N., Petermann, F., Ganschow, R., Nashan, B., & Schulz, K. H. (2013). Cognitive performance in pediatric liver transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation, 13(11), 2956–2965. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12408
  • Karsdorp, P. A., Everaerd, W., Kindt, M., & Mulder, B. J. M. (2007). Psychological and cognitive functioning in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease: A meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32(5), 527–541. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsl047
  • Katz, D. T., Torres, N. S., Chatani, B., Gonzalez, I. A., Chandar, J., Miloh, T., Rusconi, P., & Garcia, J. (2020). Care of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients: An overview for primary care providers. Pediatrics, 146(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0696
  • Killian, M. O., Schuman, D. L., Mayersohn, G. S., & Triplett, K. N. (2018). Psychosocial predictors of medication non-adherence in pediatric organ transplantation: A systematic review. Pediatric Transplantation, 22(4), e13188. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13188
  • Kim, J. J., & Marks, S. D. (2014). Long-term outcomes of children after solid organ transplantation. Clinics, 69(SUPPL.1), 28–38. https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2014(Sup01)06
  • Kim, S., Van Zwieten, A., Lorenzo, J., Khalid, R., Lah, S., Chen, K., Didsbury, M., Francis, A., Mctaggart, S., Walker, A., Mackie, F. E., Prestidge, C., Teixeira-Pinto, A., Tong, A., Blazek, K., Barton, B., Craig, J. C., & Wong, G. (2022). Cognitive and academic outcomes in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 37(11), 2715–2724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-022-05499-0
  • Koushik, N. S., McArthur, S. F., & Baird, A. D. (2010). Adult chronic kidney disease: Neurocognition in chronic renal failure. Neuropsychology Review, 20(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9110-5
  • Kupferman, J. C., Matheson, M. B., Lande, M. B., Flynn, J. T., Furth, S., Warady, B. A., & Hooper, S. R. (2020). Increased history of ischemic stroke and decreased neurocognitive performance in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 35(7), 1315–1321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04503-9
  • Larosa, C., Jorge Baluarte, H., & Meyers, K. E. C. (2011). Outcomes in pediatric solid-organ transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 15(2), 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01434.x
  • Lee, J. M., Jung, Y. K., Bae, J. H., Yoon, S. A., Kim, J. H., Choi, Y. R., Hyeyoung, K., Lee, K., Ahn, H. Y., Kim, J. W., Shin, M., Suh, K., Ha, I., Cheong, H., Kang, H. G., & Yi, N. J. (2017). Delayed transplantation may affect intellectual ability in children. Pediatrics International, 59(10), 1080–1086. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.13369
  • Licht, D. J., Shera, D. M., Clancy, R. R., Wernovsky, G., Montenegro, L. M., Nicolson, S. C., Zimmerman, R. A., Spray, T. L., Gaynor, W., & Vossough, A. (2009). Brain maturation is delayed in infants with complex congenital heart defects. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 137(3), 529–536. discussion 536-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.10.025.
  • Limond, J., Adlam, A.-L. R., & Cormack, M. (2014). A model for pediatric neurocognitive interventions: Considering the role of development and mautriation in rehabilitation planning. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(2), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2013.873083
  • Limperopoulos, C., Tworetzky, W., McElhinney, D. B., Newburger, J. W., Brown, D. W., Robertson, R. L., Guizard, N., McGrath, E., Geva, J., Annese, D., Dunbar-Masterson, C., Trainor, B., Laussen, P. C., & du Plessis, A. J. (2010). Brain volume and metabolism in fetuses with congenital heart disease: Evaluation with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. Circulation, 121(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.865568
  • Lipshultz, S. E., Law, Y. M., Asante-Korang, A., Austin, E. D., Dipchand, A. I., Everitt, M. D., Hsu, D. T., Lin, K. Y., Price, J. F., Wilkinson, J. D., & Colan, S. D. (2019). Cardiomyopathy in children: Classification and diagnosis: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 140(1). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000682
  • Lisanti, A. J., Vittner, D., Medoff-Cooper, B., Fogel, J., Wernovsky, G., & Butler, S. (2018). Individualized family-centered developmental care. The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 34(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000546
  • Lovett, B. J., & Nelson, J. M. (2021). Systematic review: Educational accommodations for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(4), 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.891
  • Mahle, W. T., Visconti, K. J., Freier, M. C., Kanne, S. M., Hamilton, W. G., Sharkey, A. M., Chinnock, R. E., Jenkins, K. J., Isquith, P. K., Burns, T. G., & Jenkins, P. C. (2006). Relationship of surgical approach to neurodevelopmental outcomes in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Pediatrics, 117(1), e90–e97. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0575
  • Marino, B. S., Lipkin, P. H., Newburger, J. W., Peacock, G., Gerdes, M., Gaynor, J. W., Mussatto, K. A., Uzark, K., Goldberg, C. S., Johnson, W. H., Jr., Li, J., Smith, S. E., Bellinger, D. C., & Mahle, W. T. (2012). Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with complex congenital heart disease: Evaluation and management. A scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation2, 126(9), 1143–1172. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318265ee8a
  • Martinez-Sanchis, S., Bernal, M. C., Montagud, J. V., Candela, G., Crespo, J., Sancho, A., & Pallardo, L. M. (2011). Effects of immunosupressive drugs on the cognitive functioning of renal transplant recipients: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(9), 1016–1024. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2011.595396
  • McCormick, A. D., Schumacher, K. R., Zamberlan, M., Uzark, K., Yu, S., Lowery, R., Rottach, N., & Cousino, M. K. (2020). Generalized and specific anxiety in adolescents following heart transplant. Pediatric Transplantation, 24(1), e13647. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13647
  • Menteer, J., MacEy, P. M., Woo, M. A., Panigrahy, A., & Harper, R. M. (2010). Central nervous system changes in pediatric heart failure: A volumetric study. Pediatric Cardiology, 31(7), 969–976. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-010-9730-9
  • Molnar-Varga, M., Novak, M., Szabo, A. J., Kelen, K., Streja, E., Remport, A., Mucsi, I., Molnar, M. Z., & Reusz, G. (2016). Neurocognitive functions of pediatric kidney transplant recipients. Pediatric Nephrology, 31(9), 1531–1538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-016-3380-y
  • Moosburner, S., Wiering, L., Gül-Klein, S., Ritschl, P., Dziodzio, T., Raschzok, N., Witzel, C., Gratopp, A., Henning, S., Bufler, P., Schmelzle, M., Lurje, G., Schoning, W., Pratschke, J., Globke, B., & Öllinger, R. (2022). Over 30 years of pediatric liver transplantation at the Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(4), 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11040900
  • Morton, P. D., Ishibashi, N., & Jonas, R. A. (2017). Neurodevelopmental abnormalities and congenital heart disease. Circulation Research, 120(6), 960–977. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.309048
  • Moser, J. J., Veale, P. M., McAllister, D. L., Archer, D. P., & Davidson, A. (2013). A systematic review and quantitative analysis of neurocognitive outcomes in children with four chronic illnesses. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 23(11), 1084–1096. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.12255
  • Mrakotsky, C., Williams, T. S., Shapiro, K. A., & Westmacott, R. (2022). Rehabilitation in pediatric stroke: Cognition and behavior. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 44, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spen.2022.100998
  • Murase, S., Okazaki, S., Yoshioka, D., Watanabe, K., Gon, Y., Todo, K., Sasaki, T., Sakaguchi, M., Misumi, Y., Toda, K., Sawa, Y., & Mochizuki, H. (2020). Abnormalities of brain imaging in patients after left ventricular assist device support following explantation. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 39(3), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2019.11.019
  • Murray, P. D., Dobbels, F., Lonsdale, D. C., & Harden, P. N. (2014). Impact of end-stage kidney disease on academic achievement and employment in young adults: A mixed methods study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(4), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.03.017
  • Mussatto, K. A., Hoffmann, R. G., Hoffman, G. M., Tweddell, J. S., Bear, L., Cao, Y., & Brosig, C. (2014). Risk and prevalence of developmental delay in young children with congenital heart disease. Pediatrics, 133(3), e570–7. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2309
  • Ng, V. L., Sorensen, L. G., Alonoso, E. M., Fredericks, E. M., Ye, W., Moore, J., Karpen, S. J., Shneider, B. D., Molleston, J. P., Bezerra, J. A., Murray, K. F., Loomes, K. M., Rosenthal, P., Squires, R. H., Wang, K., Arnon, R., Schwarz, K. B., Turmelle, Y. P. … ChiLDReN. (2018). Neurodevelopmental outcome of young children with biliary atresia and native liver: Results from the ChiLDReN study. Pediatric Oncall January, 196, 139–147.
  • O’Carroll, R. E. (2008). Neuropsychological aspects of liver disease and its treatment. Neurochemical Research, 33(4), 683–690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-007-9522-7
  • Oja, S. S., Saransaari, P., & Korpi, E. R. (2017). Neurotoxicity of ammonia. Neurochemical Research, 42(3), 713–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-2014-x
  • Olivia, M., Singh, T. P., Gauvreau, K., VanderPluym, C. J., Bastardi, H. J., & Almond, C. S. (2013). Impact of medication non-adherence on survival after pediatric heart transplantation in the USA. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 32(9), 881–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2013.03.008
  • Olmsted, M. G., & Drozd, E. M. (2020). U.S. news & world report best children’s hospitals 2020 methodology.
  • Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. (2021). National data 2021. https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/
  • Panigrahy, A., Schmithorst, V. J., Wisnowski, J. L., Watson, C. G., Bellinger, D. C., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2015). Relationship of white matter network topology and cognitive outcome in adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries. NeuroImage: Clinical, 7, 438–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.013
  • Polito, A., Barrett, C. S., Rycus, P. T., Favia, I., Cogo, P. E., & Thiagarajan, R. R. (2015). Neurologic injury in neonates with congenital heart disease during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ASAIO Journal, 61(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAT.0000000000000151
  • Popel, J., Joffe, R., Acton, B. V., Bond, G. Y., Joffe, A. R., Midgley, J., Robertson, C. M. T., Sauve, R. S., & Morgan, C. J. (2019). Neurocognitive and functional outcomes at 5 years of age after renal transplant in early childhood. Pediatric Nephrology, 34(5), 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-018-4158-1
  • Posfay-Barbe, K., Barbe, R., Wetterwald, R., Belli, D., & McLin, V. (2013). Parental functioning improves the developmental quotient of pediatric liver transplant recipients. Pediatric Transplantation, 17(4), 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12080
  • Pruitt, A. A., Rosenfeld, M. R., & Graus, F. (2013). Neurological complications of solid organ transplantation. The Neurohospitalist, 3(3), 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941874412466090
  • Rea, K. E., Cushman, G. K., Quast, L. F., Stolz, M. G., Mee, L. L., George, R. P., & Blount, R. L. (2021). Specific healthcare responsibilities and perceived transition readiness among adolescent solid organ transplant recipients: Adolescent and caregiver perspectives. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(8), 2089–2097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2021.01.027
  • Reed-Knight, B., Blount, R. L., & Gilleland, J. (2014). The transition of health care responsibility from parents to youth diagnosed with chronic illness: A developmental systems perspective. Families, Systems, & Health, 32(2), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000039
  • Reed-Knight, B., Lee, J. L., Cousins, L. A., & Mee, L. L. (2015). Intellectual and academic performance in children undergoing solid organ pretransplant evaluation. Pediatric Transplantation, 19(2), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12389
  • Resch, C., Rosema, S., Hurks, P., de Kloet, A., & van Heugten, C. (2018). Searching for effective components of cognitive rehabilitation for children and adolescents with acquired brain injury: A systematic review. Brain Injury, 32(6), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2018.1458335
  • Richards, C. T., Crawley, L. M., & Magnus, D. (2009). Use of neurodevelopmental delay in pediatric solid organ transplant listing decisions: Inconsistencies in standards across major pediatric transplant centers. Pediatric Transplantation, 13(7), 843–850. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2008.01072.x
  • Riehle-Colarusso, T., Autry, A., Razzaghi, H., Boyle, C. A., Mahle, W. T., Van Naarden Braun, K., & Correa, A. (2015). Congenital heart defects and receipt of special education services. Pediatrics, 136(3), 496–504. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0259
  • Rodijk, L. H., Den Heijer, A. E., Hulscher, J. B. F., Verkade, H. J., De Kleine, R. H. J., & Bruggink, J. L. M. (2018). Neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with liver diseases: A systematic review. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 67(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001981
  • Rollins, C. K., Asaro, L. A., Akhondi-Asl, A., Kussman, B. D., Rivkin, M. J., Bellinger, D. C., Warfield, S. K., Wypij, D., Newburgery, J. W., & Soul, J. S. (2016). White matter volume predicts language development in congenital heart disease. The Journal of Pediatrics, 181, 42–48.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.070
  • Rollins, C. K., Ortinau, C. M., Stopp, C., Friedman, K. G., Tworetzky, W., Gagoski, B., Velasco-Annis, C., Afacan, O., Vasung, L., Beaute, J. I., Rofeberg, V., Estroff, J. A., Grant, P. E., Soul, J. S., Yang, E., Wypij, D., Gholipour, A., Warfield, S. K., & Newburger, J. W. (2021). Regional brain growth trajectories in fetuses with congenital heart disease. Annals of Neurology, 89(1), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25940
  • Rollins, C. K., Watson, C. G., Asaro, L. A., Wypij, D., Vajapeyam, S., Bellinger, D. C., DeMaso, D. R., Robertson, R. L., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2014). White matter microstructure and cognition in adolescents with congenital heart disease. The Journal of Pediatrics, 165(5), 936–944.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.028
  • Sanz, J. H., Anixt, J., Bear, L., Basken, A., Beca, J., Marino, B. S., Mussatto, K. A., Nembhard, W. N., Sadhwani, A., Sananes, R., Shekerdemian, L. S., Sood, E., Uzark, K., Willen, E., & Ilardi, D. (2021). Characterization of neurodevelopmental and psychological outcomes in congenital heart disease: A research agenda and recommendations from the cardiac neurodevelopmental outcome collaborative. Cardiology in the Young, 31(6), 876–887. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951121002146
  • Sawyer, S. M., Blair, S., & Bowes, G. (1997). Chronic illness in adolescents: Transfer or transition to adult services? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 33(2), 88–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1997.tb01005.x
  • Schaffer, Y., & Geva, R. (2016). Memory outcomes following cognitive interventions in children with neurological deficits: A review with a focus on under-studied populations. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 26(2), 286–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2015.1016537
  • Schneider, S. M., Kielstein, J. T., Braverman, J., & Novak, M. (2015). Cognitive function in patients with chronic kidney disease: Challenges in neuropsychological assessments. Seminars in Nephrology, 35(4), 304–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.06.002
  • Shapiro, R., & Sarwal, M. M. (2010). Pediatric kidney transplantation. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 2010(2), 393–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2010.01.016
  • Shaw, R. J., Palmer, L., Blasey, C., & Sarwal, M. (2003). A typology of non-adherence in pediatric renal transplant recipients. Pediatric Transplantation, 7(6), 489–493. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1397-3142.2003.00117.x
  • Shellmer, D. A., Devito Dabbs, A., Dew, M. A., Noll, R. B., Feldman, H., Strauss, K. A., Morton, D. H., Vockley, J., & Mazariegos, G. V. (2011). Cognitive and adaptive functioning after liver transplantation for maple syrup urine disease: A case series. Pediatric Transplantation, 15(1), 58–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3046.2010.01411.x
  • Shellmer, D. A., Devito Dabbs, A., Dew, M. A., Terhorst, L., Noll, R. B., Kosmach-Park, B., & Mazariegos, G. (2013). Adaptive functioning and its correlates after intestine and liver transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 17(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.12011
  • Siciliano, R. E., Prussien, K. V., Lee, C. A., Patel, N. J., Murphy, L. K., Compas, B. E., & Jordan, L. C. (2019). Cognitive function in pediatric hypoplastic left heart syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 44(8), 937–947. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsz007
  • Singh, T. P., Cherikh, W. S., Hsich, E., Chambers, D. C., Harhay, M. O., Hayes, D., Khush, K. K., Perch, M., Potena, L., Sadavarte, A., Toll, A. E., Zuckermann, A., & Stehlik, J. (2021). The international thoracic organ transplant registry of the international society for heart and lung transplantation: Twenty-fourth pediatric heart transplantation report — 2021; focus on recipient characteristics. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 40(10), 1050–1059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2021.07.022
  • Slickers, J., Duquette, P., Hooper, S., & Gipson, D. (2007). Clinical predictors of neurocognitive deficits in children with chronic kidney disease. Pediatric Nephrology, 22(4), 565–572. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0374-1
  • Sorensen, L. G., Neighbors, K., Martz, K., Zelko, F., Bucuvalas, J. C., & Alonso, E. M. (2011). Cognitive and academic outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation: Functional outcomes group (FOG) results. American Journal of Transplantation, 11(2), 303–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03363.x
  • Sorensen, L., Neighbors, K., Martz, K., Zelko, F., Bucuvalas, J. C., Alonso, E., & SPLIT, F. O. G. (2014). Longitudinal study of cognitive and academic outcomes after pediatric liver transplantation. The Journal of Pediatrics, 165(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.03.032
  • Squires, R. H., Ng, V., Romero, R., Ekong, U., Hardikar, W., Emre, S., & Mazariegos, G. V. (2014). Evaluation of the pediatric patient for liver transplantation: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American Society of Transplantation and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroeneterology, Hepatol. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 59(1), 112–131. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000431
  • Statter, M. B., Noritz, G., Macauley, R. C., Basak, R., Geis, G. M., Laventhal, N. T., Opel, D. J., Sexson, W. R., Kuo, D. Z., Apkon, S., Brei, T. J., Davidson, L. F., Davis, B. E., Ellerbeck, K. A., Hyman, S. L., Leppert, M. O., Stille, C. J., & Yin, L. (2020). Children with intellectual and developmental disabilities as organ transplantation recipients. Pediatrics, 145(5), e20200625. https://doi.org/10.1542/PEDS.2020-0625
  • Stein, M. L., Bruno, J. L., Konopacki, K. L., Kesler, S., Reinhartz, O., & Rosenthal, D. (2013). Cognitive outcomes in pediatric heart transplant recipients bridged to transplantation with ventricular assist devices. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 32(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2012.11.006
  • Sun, Y., Jia, L., Yu, H., Zhu, M., Sheng, M., & Yu, W. (2019). The effect of pediatric living donor liver transplantation on neurocognitive outcomes in children. Annals of Transplantation, 24, 446–453. https://doi.org/10.12659/AOT.914164
  • Talcott, J. B., Beath, S. V., Patel, T., Griffiths, G., & Kelly, D. A. (2019). Long-term effects of cholestatic liver disease in childhood on neuropsychological outcomes and neurochemistry. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 69(2), 145–151. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000002380
  • Thevenin, D. M., Baker, A., Kato, T., Tzakis, A., Fernandez, M., & Dowling, M. (2006). Neuodevelopmental outcomes for children transplanted under the age of 3 years. Transplantation Proceedings, 38(6), 1692–1693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.05.037
  • Thompson, T., Coleman, J. M., Riley, K., Snider, L. A., Howard, L. J., Sansone, S. M., & Hessl, D. (2018). Standardized assessment accommodations for individuals with intellectual disability. Contemporary School Psychology, 22(4), 443–457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40688-018-0171-4
  • Tindall, S., Rothermel, R. R., Delamater, A., Pinsky, W., & Klein, M. D. (1999). Neuropsychological abilities of children with cardiac disease treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Developmental Neuropsychology, 16(1), 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15326942DN160106
  • Tjaden, L. A., Grootenhuis, M. A., Noordzij, M., & Groothoff, J. W. (2016). Health-related quality of life in patients with pediatric onset of end-stage renal disease: State of the art and recommendations for clinical practice. Pediatric Nephrology, 31(10), 1579–1591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-015-3186-3
  • Tornqvist, J., Van Broeck, N., Finkenauer, C., Rosati, R., Schwering, K., Hayez, J., Janssen, M., & Otte, J. (1999). Long-term psychosocial adjustment following pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatric Transplantation, 3(2), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3046.1999.00026.x
  • Urschel, S., Bond, G. Y., Dinu, I. A., Moradi, F., Conway, J., Garcia-Guerra, G., Acton, B. V., Joffe, A. R., AlAklabi, M., Rebeyka, I. M., & Robertson, C. M. T. (2018). Neurocognitive outcomes after heart transplantation in early childhood. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 37(6), 740–748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2017.12.013
  • Uzark, K., Spicer, R., & Beebe, D. W. (2009). Neurodevelopmental outcomes in pediatric heart transplant recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 28(12), 1306–1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2009.05.002
  • Verghese, P. S. (2017). Pediatric kidney transplantation: A historical review. Pediatric Research, 81(1), 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2016.207
  • Vivante, A., & Hildebrandt, F. (2016). Exploring the genetic basis of early-onset chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Neurology, 12(3), 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2015.205
  • Warady, B. A., & Chadha, V. (2007). Chronic kidney disease: The global perspective. Pediatric Nephrology, 22(12), 1999–2009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-006-0410-1
  • Watson, C. G., Asaro, L. A., Wypij, D., Robertson, R. L., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2016). Altered gray matter in adolescents with d-TGA. Journal of Pediatrics, 169, 36–43.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.084
  • Watson, C. G., Stopp, C., Wypij, D., Bellinger, D. C., Newburger, J. W., & Rivkin, M. J. (2018). Altered white matter microstructure correlates with IQ and processing speed in children and adolescents post-fontan. The Journal of Pediatrics, 200, 140–149.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.04.022
  • Weissberg Benchell, J., Zielinski, T., Rodgers, S., Greenley, R., Askenazi, D., Goldstein, S., Fredericks, E. M., Mcdiarmid, S., Williams, L., Limberes, C. A., Tuzinkiewicz, K., Lerret, S., Alonso, E. M., & Varni, J. W. (2010). Pediatric health-related quality of life: Feasibility, reliability, and validity of the PedsQL transplant module. American Journal of Transplantation, 10(7), 1677–1685. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03149.x
  • White, P. H., Cooley, W. C., Boudreau, A. D. A., Cyr, M., Davis, B. E., Dreyfus, D. E., Forlenza, E., Friedland, A., Greenlee, C., Mann, M., McManus, M., Meleis, A. I., & Pickler, L. (2018). Supporting the health care transition from adolescence to adulthood in the medical home. Pediatrics, 142(5), e20182587. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2587
  • Wightman, A., Diekema, D., & Goldberg, A. (2018). Consideration of children with intellectual disability as candidates for solid organ transplantation: A practice in evolution. Pediatric Transplantation, 22(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13091
  • Winterberg, P. D., & Garro, R. (2019). Long-term outcomes of kidney transplantation in children. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 66(1), 269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2018.09.008
  • Wolfe, K. R., Hutaff Lee, C., & Wilkening, G. (2022). Neuropsychological screening in pediatric multidisciplinary clinics: Group characteristics and predictive utility. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 37(4), 789–797. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab090
  • Wolfe, K. R., Kelly, S. L., Steinberg, E., Pliego, J., & Everitt, M. D. (2020). Predictors of neuropsychological functioning and medication adherence in pediatric heart transplant recipients referred for neuropsychological evaluation. Pediatric Transplantation, 24(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/petr.13615
  • Wray, J., & Radley-Smith, R. (2006). Longitudinal assessment of psychological functioning in children after heart or heart-lung transplantation. Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation, 25(3), 345–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2005.09.018
  • Wray, J., & Radley-Smith, R. (2010). Cognitive and behavioral functioning of children listed for heart and/or lung transplantation. American Journal of Transplantation, 10(11), 2527–2535. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03282.x
  • Wu, Y., Lu, Y., Kapse, K., Jacobs, M., Andescavage, N., Donofrio, M. T., Lopez, C., Quistorff, J. L., Vezina, G., Krishnan, A., du Plessis, A. J., & Limperopoulos, C. (2021). In utero MRI identifies impaired second trimester subplate growth in fetuses with congenital heart disease. Cerebral Cortex, 32(13), 2858–2867. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab386
  • Yang, C. H., Perumpail, B. J., Yoo, E. R., Ahmed, A., & Kerner Jr, J. A. (2017). Nutritional needs and support for children with chronic liver disease. Nutrients, 9(10), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101127
  • Yu, J., Murray, J., Ramamoorthy, C., Chen, S., Lee, S., Ryan, K., Maeda, K., Navaratnam, M., & Goobie, S. (2021). Neurosurgical intervention in children with ventricular assist devices: A single-center case series review. Paediatric Anaesthesia, 31(11), 1208–1215. https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14287
  • Zadeh, S., Pao, M., & Wiener, L. (2015). Opening end-of-life discussions: How to introduce voicing my CHOiCESTM, an advance care planning guide for adolescents and young adults. Palliative & Supportive Care, 13(3), 591–599. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951514000054
  • Zhang, L. F., Ho, J. S., & Kennedy, S. E. (2014). A systematic review of the psychometric properties of transition readiness assessment tools in adolescents with chronic disease. BMC Pediatrics, 14(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-4

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.