Environmental predictors of children’s executive functioning development

References

• Akee, R. K. Q., Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2010). Parents’ incomes and children’s outcomes: A quasi-experiment using transfer payments from casino profits. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2(1), 86–115. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.2.1.86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, P. (2002). Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8(2), 71–82. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.2.71.8724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley, R. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (R. Barkley, Ed., 4th ed.). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baum, G. L., Ciric, R., Roalf, D. R., Betzel, R. F., Moore, T. M., Shinohara, R. T., Kahn, A. E., Vandekar, S. N., Rupert, P. E., Quarmley, M., Cook, P. A., Elliott, M. A., Ruparel, K., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Bassett, D. S., & Satterthwaite, T. D. (2017). Modular segregation of structural brain networks supports the development of executive function in youth. Current Biology, 27(11), 1561–1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, C., Raver, C. C., Berry, D. J., & Investigators, T. F. L. P. K. (2014). Two approaches to estimating the effect of parenting on the development of executive function in early childhood. Developmental Psychology, 50(2), 554–565. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, C., & Raza, R. P. (2007). Relating effortful control, executive function, and false belief understanding to emerging math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Child Development, 78(2), 647–663. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01019.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boonstra, A. M., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2005). Executive functioning in adult ADHD: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Medicine, 35(8), 1097–1108. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170500499x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, R. H. (1993). Children’s home environments, health, behavior, and intervention efforts: A review using the HOME inventory as a marker measure. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 119(4), 437–490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brant, A. M., Haberstick, B. C., Corley, R. P., Wadsworth, S. J., DeFries, J. C., & Hewitt, J. K. (2009). The developmental etiology of high IQ. Behavior Genetics, 39(4), 393–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-009-9268-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, J. M., Buckley, J. P., Cecil, K. M., Chen, A., Kalkwarf, H. J., Lanphear, B. P., Xu, Y., Woeste, A., & Yolton, K. (2020). Adolescent follow-up in the Health outcomes and measures of the environment (HOME) study: Cohort profile. BMJ Open, 10(5), e034838. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, J. M., Kalloo, G., Chen, A., Dietrich, K. N., Liddy-Hicks, S., Morgan, S., Xu, Y., Yolton, K., & Lanphear, B. P. (2017). Cohort profile: The Health outcomes and measures of the environment (HOME) study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, J. M., Yolton, K., Stacy, S. L., Erar, B., Papandonatos, G. D., Bellinger, D. C., Lanphear, B. P., & Chen, A. (2017). Prenatal environmental chemical exposures and longitudinal patterns of child neurobehavior. Neurotoxicology, 62, 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2017.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito, N. H., & Noble, K. G. (2014). Socioeconomic status and structural brain development. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8(276). https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2014.00276
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental psychology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.7.513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunford, N., Brandt, N. E., Golden, C., Dykstra, J. B., Suhr, J. A., & Owens, J. S. (2015). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms mediate the association between deficits in executive functioning and social impairment in children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(1), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9902-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldwell, B. M., & Bradley, R. H. (1984). Home observation for measurement of the environment. University of Arkansas.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Claxton, L. J. (2004). Individual differences in executive functioning and theory of mind: An investigation of inhibitory control and planning ability. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 87(4), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2004.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, L. A., Wade, S. L., Walz, N. C., Taylor, H. G., Stancin, T., & Yeates, K. O. (2010). Clinically significant behavior problems during the initial 18 months following early childhood traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(1), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comas, M., Valentino, K., & Borkowski, J. G. (2014). Maternal depressive symptoms and child temperament: Longitudinal associations with executive functioning. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(3), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2014.03.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conners, C. K., Erdhart, D., & Sparrow, E. (1999). Conners’ adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS) technical manual. Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Constantinidis, C., & Luna, B. (2019). Neural substrates of inhibitory control maturation in adolescence. Trends in Neuroscience, 42(9), 604–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2019.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello, E. J., Compton, S. N., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Relationship between poverty and psychopathology: A natural experiment. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(3), 2023–2029. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.15.2023
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuevas, K., Deater-Deckard, K., Kim-Spoon, J., Wang, Z., Morasch, K. C., & Bell, M. A. (2014). A longitudinal intergenerational analysis of executive functions during early childhood. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 32(1), 50–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, D., Cherbuin, N., Butterworth, P., Anstey, K. J., Easteal, S., & Skoulakis, E. M. C. (2012). A population-based study of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and associated impairment in middle-aged adults. PLoS One, 7(2), e31500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Graaf, R., Kessler, R. C., Fayyad, J., ten Have, M., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Borges, G., Demyttenaere, K., Gasquet, I., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., Karam, E. G., Ormel, J., & Posada-Villa, J. (2008). The prevalence and effects of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the performance of workers: Results from the WHO world mental health survey initiative. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65(12), 835–842. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.038448
   Google Scholar
• Demetriou, E. A., Lampit, A., Quintana, D. S., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y. J. C., Pye, J. E., Hickie, I., & Guastella, A. J. (2018). Autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis of executive function. Molecular Psychiatry, 23(5), 1198–1204. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2017.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (1977). SCL-90-R: Administration, scoring, and procedures manual. Clinical Psychometric Research.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries, M., & Geurts, H. (2015). Influence of autism traits and executive functioning on quality of life in children with an autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(9), 2734–2743. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2438-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelhardt, L. E., Harden, K. P., Tucker-Drob, E. M., & Church, J. A. (2019). The neural architecture of executive functions is established by middle childhood. Neuroimage, 185, 479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erhardt, D., Epstein, J. N., Conners, C. K., Parker, J. D. A., & Sitarenios, G. (1999). Self-ratings of ADHD symptoms in adults II: Reliability, validity, and diagnostic sensitivity. Journal of Attention Disorders, 3(3), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705479900300304
   Google Scholar
• Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019). Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(4), 562–575. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fay-Stammbach, T., Hawes, D. J., & Meredith, P. (2014). Parenting influences on executive function in early childhood: A review. Child Development Perspectives, 8(4), 258–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein, D. H., Michael, L., Guthrie, C., Carr, C., & Raymer, J. (2019). Associations between environmental conditions and executive cognitive functioning and behavior during late childhood: A pilot study. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1263. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuhs, M. W., Nesbitt, K. T., Farran, D. C., & Dong, N. (2014). Longitudinal associations between executive functioning and academic skills across content areas. Developmental Psychology, 50(6), 1698–1709. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gioia, G. A., Epsy, K. A., & Isquith, P. K. (2003). BRIEF-P: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function - Preschool version. Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kentworthy, L. (2000). BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kentworthy, L. (2015). BRIEF2: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (2nd ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Gjervan, B., Torgersen, T., Nordahl, H. M., & Rasmussen, K. (2012). Functional impairment and occupational outcome in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(7), 544–552. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711413074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueron-Sela, N., Camerota, M., Willoughby, M. T., Vernon-Feagans, L., Cox, M. J., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2018). Maternal depressive symptoms, mother-child interactions, and children’s executive function. Developmental Psychology, 54(1), 71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur, R. C., Richard, J., Calkins, M. E., Chiavacci, R., Hansen, J. A., Bilker, W. B., Loughead, J., Connolly, J. J., Qiu, H., Mentch, F. D., Abou-Sleiman, P. M., Hakonarson, H., & Gur, R. E. (2012). Age group and sex differences in performance on a computerized neurocognitive battery in children age 8-21. Neuropsychology, 26(2), 251–265. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman, D. A., & Farah, M. J. (2009). Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 13(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackman, D. A., Gallop, R., Evans, G. W., & Farah, M. J. (2015). Socioeconomic status and executive function: Developmental trajectories and mediation. Developmental Science, 18(5), 686–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halse, M., Steinsbekk, S., Hammar, A., Belsky, J., & Wichstrom, L. (2019). Parental predictors of children’s executive functioning from ages 6 to 10. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 410–426. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, C. J., Kim-Spoon, J., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2016). Linking executive function and peer problems from early childhood through middle adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0044-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., & Devine, R. T. (2019). For better or for worse? Positive and negative parental influences on young children’s executive function. Child Development, 90(2), 593–609. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12915
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, C., Roman, G., Hart, M. J., & Ensor, R. (2013). Does maternal depression predict young children’s executive function? - A 4-year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, S. K., Dumontheil, I., & Barker, E. D. (2014). Developmental inter-relations between early maternal depression, contextual risks, and interpersonal stress, and their effect on later child cognitive functioning. Depression and Anxiety, 31(7), 599–607. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. L., & Nagin, D. S. (2007). Advances in group-based trajectory modeling and an SAS procedure for estimating them. Sociological Methods & Research, 35(4), 542–571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124106292364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. L., Nagin, D. S., & Roeder, K. (2001). A SAS procedure based on mixture models for estimating developmental trajectories. Sociological Methods & Research, 29(3), 374–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124101029003005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyner, K. B., Silver, C. H., & Stavinoha, P. L. (2009). Relationship between parenting stress and ratings of executive functioning in children with ADHD. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 27(6), 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282909333945
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamphaus, R., & Reynolds, C. (2006). Parenting relationship questionnaire. Pearson Assessments.
   Google Scholar
• Kooij, J. J. S., Bijlenga, D., Salerno, L., Jaeschke, R., Bitter, I., Balazs, J., Thome, J., Dom, G., Kasper, S., Nunes Filipe, C., Stes, S., Mohr, P., Leppamaki, S., Casas, M., Bobes, J., McCarthy, J. M., Richarte, V., Kjems Philipsen, A., Pehlivanidis, A., … Asherson, P. (2019). Updated European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. European Psychiatry, 56(1), 14–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.11.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korucu, I., Litkowski, E., Purpura, D. J., & Schmitt, S. A. (2019). Parental executive function as a predictor of parenting practices and children’s executive function. Infant and Child Development, 29(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, G. M., Duda, J. T., Avants, B. B., Wu, J., & Farah, M. J. (2013). Associations between children’s socioeconomic status and prefrontal cortical thickness. Developmental Science, 16(5), 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson, G. M., Hook, C. J., & Farah, M. J. (2018). A meta-analysis of the relationship between socioeconomic status and executive function performance among children. Developmental Science, 21(2), e12529. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin, H. S., & Hanten, G. (2005). Executive functions after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatric Neurology, 33(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loren, R. E., Vaughn, A. J., Langberg, J. M., Cyran, J. E., Proano-Raps, T., Smolyansky, B. H., Tamm, L., & Epstein, J. N. (2015). Effects of an 8-session behavioral parent training group for parents of children with ADHD on child impairment and parenting confidence. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(2), 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713484175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangeot, S., Armstrong, K., Colvin, A. N., Yeates, K. O., & Taylor, H. G. (2002). Long-term executive function deficits in children with traumatic brain injuries: Assessment using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF). Child Neuropsychology, 8(4), 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1076/chin.8.4.271.13503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagin, D. S. (1999). Analyzing developmental trajectories: A semiparametric, group-based approach. Psychological Methods, 4(2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.4.2.139
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nayfeld, I., Fuccillo, J., & Greenfield, D. B. (2013). Executive functions in early learning: Extending the relationship between executive functions and school readiness to science. Learning and Individual Differences, 26, 81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.04.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niyonkuru, C., Wagner, A. K., Ozawa, H., Amin, K., Goyal, A., & Fabio, A. (2013). Group-based trajectory analysis applications for prognostic biomarker model development in severe TBI: A practical example. Journal of Neurotrauma, 30(11), 938–945. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2012.2578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble, K. G., Houston, S. M., Kan, E., & Sowell, E. R. (2012). Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the developing human brain. Developmental Science, 15(4), 516–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2012.01147.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble, K. G., McCandliss, B. D., & Farah, M. J. (2007). Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental Science, 10(4), 464–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00600.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Op den Kelder, R., Van den Akker, A. L., Geurts, H. M., Lindauer, R. J. L., & Overbeek, G. (2018). Executive functions in trauma-exposed youth: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 9(1), 1450595. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2018.1450595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, M., Brain, U., Grunau, R. E., Diamond, A., & Oberlander, T. F. (2018). Maternal depression trajectories from pregnancy to 3 years postpartum are associated with children’s behavior and executive functions at 3 and 6 years. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 21(3), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0803-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, J. L., Hudec, K. L., & Johnston, C. (2017). Parental ADHD symptoms and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, J. L., Wade, S. L., Walz, N. C., Cassedy, A., Stevens, M. H., Yeates, K. O., & Taylor, H. G. (2011). Parenting style is related to executive dysfunction after brain injury in children. Rehabilitation Psychology, 56(4), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prinz, U., Nutzinger, D. O., Schulz, H., Petermann, F., Braukhaus, C., & Andreas, S. (2013). Comparative psychometric analyses of the SCL-90-R and its short versions in patients with affective disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 13(104). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raver, C. C., Blair, C., Willoughby, M., & Investigators, T. F. L. P. K. (2013). Poverty as a predictor of 4-year-olds’ executive function: New perspectives on models of differential susceptibility. Developmental Psychology, 49(2), 292–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regueiro, S., Matte-Gagne, C., & Bernier, A. (2020). Patterns of growth in executive functioning during school years: Contributions of early mother-child attachment security and maternal autonomy support. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 200, 104934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, M., Wallace, G. L., Lawson, R., Wills, M. C., Dixon, E., Yerys, B. E., & Kenworthy, L. (2013). Impairments in real-world executive function increase from childhood to adolescence in autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychology, 27(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowland, A. S., Lesesne, C. A., & Abramowitz, A. J. (2002). The epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A public health view. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Review, 8(3), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrdd.10036
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316696
   Google Scholar
• Rubinic, D., & Schwickrath, H. (2010). Test review: Kamphaus, R. W., & Reynolds, C. R. (2006). Parenting relationship questionnaire. Minneapolis, MN: NCS pearson. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28(3), 270–275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282909346718
   Google Scholar
• Sarsour, K., Sheridan, M., Jutte, D., Nuru-Jeter, A., Hinshaw, S., & Boyce, W. T. (2011). Family socioeconomic status and child executive functions: The roles of language, home environment, and single parenthood. Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society, 17(1), 120–132. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617710001335
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke, E. J. (2003). The dual pathway model of AD/HD: An elaboration of neuro-developmental characteristics. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 27(7), 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, H. G., Yeates, K. O., Wade, S. L., Drotar, D., Stancin, T., & Minich, N. (2002). A prospective study of short- and long-term outcomes after traumatic brain injury in children: Behavior and achievement. Neuropsychology, 16(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.16.1.15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursache, A., & Noble, K. G. (2016). Socioeconomic status, white matter, and executive function in children. Brain and Behavior, 6(10), e00531. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursache, A., Noble, K. G., & Blair, C. (2015). Socioeconomic status, subjective social status, and perceived stress: Associations with stress physiology and executive functioning. Behavioral Medicine, 41(3), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2015.1024604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursache, A., & Raver, C. C. (2014). Trait and state anxiety: Relations to executive functioning in an at-risk sample. Cognition and Emotion, 28(5), 845–855. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.855173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valcan, D. S., Davis, H., & Pino-Pasternak, D. (2017). Parental behaviours predicting early childhood executive functions: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(3), 607–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-017-9411-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera-Estay, E., Seni, A. G., Champagne, C., & Beauchamp, M. H. (2016). All for one: Contributions of age, socioeconomic factors, executive functioning, and social cognition to moral reasoning in childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(227). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler, D. (1999). Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence. The Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Weiland, C., Barata, M. C., & Yoshikawa, H. (2014). The co-occurring development of executive function skills and receptive vocabulary in preschool-aged children: A look at the direction of the developmental pathways. Infant and Child Development, 23(1), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, L. J., Alexander, A., & Greenfield, D. B. (2017). The relationship between executive functioning and language: Examining vocabulary, syntax, and language learning in preschoolers attending head start. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 164, 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2017.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57(11), 1336–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willoughby, M. T., Wirth, R. J., Blair, C. B., & Investigators, T. F. L. P. K. (2012). Executive function in early childhood: Longitudinal measurement invariance and developmental change. Psychological Assessment, 24(2), 418–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Y., Ma, Q., & Groth, S. W. (2022). Association between maternal psychological factors and offspring executive function: Analysis of African-American mother–child dyads. Pediatric Research, 92(4), 1051–1058. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-022-02084-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziyab, A. H., Karmaus, W., Kurukulaaratchy, R. J., Zhang, H., & Arshad, S. H. (2014). Developmental trajectories of body mass index from infancy to 18 years of age: Prenatal determinants and health consequences. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 68(10), 934–941. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-203808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar