References
- Adelman , L. M. , Falk , J. H. and James , S. 2000 . Impact of national aquarium in Baltimore on visitors’ conservation attitudes, behaviour, and knowledge . Curator , 43 (1) : 33 – 61 .
- Anderson , D. , Lucas , K. B. , Ginns , I. S. and Dierking , L. D. 2000 . Development of knowledge about electricity and magnetism during a visit to a science museum and related post‐visit activities . Science Education , 84 (5) : 658 – 679 .
- ‘Be a Citizen Scientist!’ http://home.twcny.rr.com/allenz/citizen_scientist.htm (http://home.twcny.rr.com/allenz/citizen_scientist.htm) accessed 11 November 2003.
- Bogner , F. X. 1999 . Empirical evaluation of an educational conservation programme in Swiss secondary schools . International Journal of Science Education , 21 (11) : 1169 – 1195 .
- Bonney , R. E. 2001 . Observations count . Wild Earth , 11 (3–4) : 18 – 23 .
- Bonney , R. E. and Dhondt , A. 1997 . “ FeederWatch: An example of a student–scientist partnership ” . In Internet links for science education: Student‐science partnerships , Edited by: Cohen , K. New York : Plenum Press .
- Borun , M. , Chambers , M. and Cleghorn , A. 1996 . Families are learning in science museums . Curator , 39 (2) : 123 – 138 .
- Borun , M. and Dritsas , J. 1997 . Developing family‐friendly exhibits . Curator , 40 (3) : 178
- Borun , M. , Cleghorn , A. and Garfield , C. 1995 . Family learning in museums: A bibliographic review . Curator , 38 (4) : 262 – 270 .
- Brossard , D. and Lewenstein , B. 1998 . CNBN 1997 evaluation , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Department of Communication and Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology . (unpublished report).
- Cohen , K. C. , ed. 1997 . Internet links for science education: Student–science partnerships , New York : Plenum Press .
- Chen , M. 1994 . “ Television and formal science education: Assessing the past, present and future of research ” . In Informal science learning: What the research says about television, science museums and community‐based projects , Edited by: Crane , V. , Nicholson , H. , Chen , M. and Bitgood , S. Deham , MA : Research Communications Ltd .
- Coleman , J. S. 1976 . “ The differences between experiential and classroom learning ” . In Experiential education , Edited by: Keeton , M. T. 50 – 59 . San Francisco , CA : Jossey‐Bass .
- Coleman , J. S. 1979 . Experiential learning and information assimilation: Toward an appropriate mix . Journal of Experiential Education , 2 : 6 – 9 .
- Crane , V. 1994 . “ An introduction to informal science learning and research ” . In Informal science learning: What the research says about television, science museums and community‐based projects , Edited by: Crane , V. , Nicholson , H. , Chen , M. and Bitgood , S. Deham , MA : Research Communications Ltd .
- Cullen , D. 1998 . Scientific literacy from citizen science , Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Department of Communication . (unpublished paper).
- Dierking , L. D. , Burtnyk , K. , Buchner , K. S. and Falk , J. H. 2002 . Visitor learning in zoos and aquariums: Executive summary (online at http://www.aza.org/ConEd/VisitorLearning/Documents/VisitorLearningExecutiveSummary.pdf accessed 11 November 2003). American Zoo and Aquarium Association.
- Dierking , L. D. and Falk , J. H. 1994 . Family behaviour and learning in informal science settings: A review of the research . Science Education , 78 : 57 – 72 .
- Dillman , D. A. 1978 . Mail and telephone surveys: The total design method , New York : Wiley & Sons .
- Dunlap , R. E. and Van Liere , K. D. 1978 . The new environmental paradigm: A proposed measuring instrument and preliminary results . Journal of Environmental Education , 9 : 10 – 19 .
- Dunlap , R. E. Measuring endorsement of an ecological worldview: A revised NEP scale . Paper presented at the meeting of the Rural Sociology Society . Pennsylvania : State College .
- Eagly , A. H. and Chaiken , S. 1993 . The psychology of attitudes , Fort Worth , TX : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers .
- Falk , J. H. 1997 . Testing a museum exhibition design assumption: Effects of explicit labeling of exhibit clusters on visitor concept development . Science Education , 81 (6) : 679 – 687 .
- Falk , J. H. and Dierking , L. D. 2002 . Lessons without limit: How free‐choice learning is transforming education , Walnut Creek , CA : AltaMira Press .
- Falk , J. H. , Donovan , E. and Woods , R. , eds. 2001 . Free‐choice science education: How we learn science outside of school , New York : Teachers College Press .
- Fishbein , M. and Ajzen , I. 1975 . Belief, attitude, intention, and behaviour: An introduction to theory and research , Reading , MA : Addison‐Wesley .
- Gardner , P. L. 1987 . Measuring ambivalence to science . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 24 (3) : 241 – 47 .
- George , R. and Kaplan , D. 1998 . A structural model of parent and teacher influences on science attitudes of eighth graders: Evidence from NELS: 88 . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 82 : 93 – 109 .
- Krasny , M. and Bonney , R. 2004 . “ Environmental education through citizen science and participatory action research ” . In Environmental education or advocacy: Perspectives of ecology and education in environmental education , Edited by: Johnson , E. A. and Mappin , M. J. New York : Cambridge University Press .
- Lewenstein , B. , Bonney , R. and Brossard , D. in press . “ Measuring scientific knowledge and attitudes in specific public outreach projects: The citizen science model ” . In Proceedings of the International Conference of the Public Understanding of Science and Technology Chicago , IL (In press).
- Medved , M. I. and Oatley , K. 2001 . Memories and scientific literacy: remembering exhibits from a science center . International Journal of Science Education , 22 (10) : 1117
- Messmore , A. 1996 . Measuring the impact of grassroots outreach . Science Communication , 17 (4) : 430 – 442 .
- National Research Council . 1996 . National science and education standards , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
- National Science Board . 1996 . “ Science and technology: Public attitudes and public understanding In ” . In Science & engineering indicators—1996 (Chap. 7) , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- National Science Board . 1998 . “ Science and technology: Public attitudes and public understanding In ” . In Science & engineering indicators—1998 (Chap. 7) , Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- National Science Board. 2002 . “ Science and technology: Public attitudes and public understanding In ” . In Science & Engineering Indicators—2002 (Chap. 7) , Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- National Science Foundation . 1995 . NSF survey instruments used in collecting science and engineering resources data , 95 – 317 . Arlington , VA : NSF .
- Nicholson , H. J. , Weiss , F. L. and Campbell , P. B. 1994 . “ Evaluation in informal science education: Community‐based programs ” . In Informal science learning: What the research says about television, science museums and community‐based projects , Edited by: Crane , V. , Nicholson , H. , Chen , M. and Bitgood , S. Deham , MA : Research Communications Ltd .
- Ostrom , T.M. 1994 . “ Attitudes scales: How we measure the unmeasurable ” . In Persuasion: Psychological insights and perspectives , Edited by: Shavitt , S. and Brock , T. C. Boston , MA : Allyn & Bacon .
- Palmer , L. 1992 . “ Girls’ clubs ” . In When science meets the public , Edited by: Lewenstein , B. Washington , DC : AAAS .
- Pathfinder Science, http://pathfinderscience.net/ (http://pathfinderscience.net/) accessed 15 October 2003.
- Petty , R. E. and Cacioppo , J. T. 1981 . Attitudes and persuasion: Classical and contemporary approaches , Dubuque , IA : Wm. C. Brown .
- Petty , R. E and Cacioppo , J. T. 1986 . Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change , New York : Springer Verlag .
- Ramsdem , J. M. 1998 . Mission impossible? Can anything be done about attitudes to science . International Journal of Science Education , 20 (2) : 125 – 137 .
- Schibeci , R. A. 1984 . Attitudes to science: An update . Studies in Science Education , 11 : 26 – 59 .
- Scott , D. and Willits , F. K. 1994 . Environmental attitudes and behaviour: A Pennsylvania Survey . Environment and Behaviour , 26 (2) : 239 – 261 .
- Stern , P. C. , Dietz , T. and Guagnano , G. A. 1995 . The new ecological paradigm in social‐psychological context . Environment and Behaviour , 27 (6) : 723 – 743 .
- Trochim , W. 1997 . The research methods knowledge base Available online at: http://trochim.human.cornell.edu/kb/kbroad.htm.
- Trumbull , D. , Bonney , R. , Bascom , D. and Cabral , A. 2000 . Thinking scientifically during participation in a citizen‐science project . Science Education , 84 : 265 – 275 .
- Tuss , P. 1996 . From student to scientist, an experiential approach to science education . Science Communication , 17 : 25 – 44 .