How Students and Field Geologists Reason in Integrating Spatial Observations from Outcrops to Visualize a 3‐D Geological Structure

References

• Bransford , J. , Brown , A.L. and Cocking , R.R. 2000 . How people learn: Brain, mind, experience, and school , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chi , M.T.H. , DeLeeuw , N. , Chiu , M.‐H. and LaVancher , C. 1994 . Eliciting self‐explanations improves understanding . Cognitive Science , 18 : 439 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi , M.T.H. and Koeske , R. 1983 . Network representation of a child’s dinosaur knowledge . Developmental Psychology , 19 : 29 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driver , R. , Newton , P. and Osborne , J. 2000 . Establishing the norms of scientific argumentation in classrooms . Science Education , 84 : 287 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duschl , R.A. 2000 . “ Making the nature of science explicit ” . In Improving science education: The contribution of research , Edited by: Millar , R. , Leach , J. and Osborne , J. 187 – 206 . Buckingham : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , J.K. , ed. 2005 . Visualization in science education , Models and Modeling in Science Education Series Vol. 1 , Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , J.K. 2008 . “ Visualization: An emergent field of practice and enquiry in science education ” . In Visualization: Theory and practice in science education , Edited by: Gilbert , J.K. , Reiner , M. and Nakhleh , M. 3 – 24 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert , J.K. , Reiner , M. and Nakhleh , M. , eds. 2008 . Visualization: Theory and practice in science education , Models and Modeling in Science Education Series Vol. 3 , Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Gobert , J. 2000 . A typology of causal models for plate tectonics: Inferential power and barriers to understanding . International Journal of Science Education , 22 : 937 – 977 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobert , J. and Clement , J.J. 1999 . Effects of student‐generated diagrams versus student‐generated summaries on conceptual understanding of causal and dynamic knowledge in plate tectonics . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 36 : 39 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin , C. 1994 . Professional vision . American Anthropologist , 96 : 606 – 633 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin , C. 2000 . Practices of color classification . Mind, Culture, and Activity , 7 : 19 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Hays , J.D. , Pfirman , S. , Blumenthal , M. , Kastens , K. and Menke , W. 2000 . Earth science instruction with digital data . Computers and the Geosciences , 26 : 657 – 668 .
   Google Scholar
• Hmelo‐Silver , C.E. , Marathe , S. and Liu , L. 2007 . Fish swim, rocks sit, and lungs breathe: Expert‐novice understanding of complex systems . Journal of Learning Sciences , 16 : 307 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa , T. and Montello , D.R. 2006 . Spatial knowledge acquisition from direct experience in the environment: Individual differences in the development of metric knowledge and the integration of separately learned places . Cognitive Psychology , 52 : 93 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez‐Aleixandre , M.P. , Bugallo‐Rodríguez , A. and Duschl , R.A. 2000 . ‘Doing the lesson’ or ‘Doing science’: Argument in high school genetics . Science Education , 84 (6) : 757 – 791 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , M.G. , Taylor , A. , Minogue , J. , Broadwell , B. , Wiebe , E. and Carter , G. 2007 . Understanding scale: Powers of ten . Journal of Science Education and Technology , 16 (2) : 191 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Kastens , K.A. , Agrawal , S. and Liben , L.S. 2008 . Research in science education: The role of gestures in geoscience teaching and learning . Journal of Geoscience Education , : 362 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Kastens , K.A. , Liben , L.S. and Agrawal , S. 2008 . “ Epistemic actions in science education ” . In Spatial cognition VI: Learning, reasoning, and talking about space , Edited by: Freksa , C. , Newcombe , N.S. , Gärdenfors , P. and Wölfl , S. 202 – 215 . Freiburg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , G.J. , Druker , S. and Chen , C. 1998 . Students’ reasoning about electricity: Combining performance assessments with argumentation analysis . International Journal of Science Education , 20 (7) : 849 – 871 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , G.J. and Takao , A. 2002 . Epistemic levels in argumentation: An analysis of university oceanography students’ use of evidence in writing . Science Education , 86 (3) : 314 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klahr , D. and Dunbar , K. 1988 . Dual space search during scientific reasoning . Cognitive Science , 12 : 1 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , D. 1989 . Children and adults as intuitive scientists . Psychological Review , 96 (4) : 674 – 689 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , L. and Reiser , B.J. . Structuring activities to foster argumentative discourse . Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association . San Francisco, CA. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www.hice.org/iqwst/Papers/KuhnReiserAERA2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 1987 . Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society , Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Latour , B. 1999 . “ Circulating reference: Sampling the soil in the Amazon Forest ” . In Pandora’s hope: Essays on the reality of science studies , 24 – 79 . Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liben , L.S. 2005 . “ The role of action in understanding and using environmental place representations ” . In The Minnesota symposium of child development , Edited by: Rieser , J. , Lockman , J. and Nelson , C. 323 – 361 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Liben , L.S. 2006 . “ Education for spatial thinking ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Child psychology in practice , (6th ed.( , Edited by: Damon , W. and Lerner , R. Vol. 4 , 197 – 247 . Hoboken, NJ : Wiley . K.A. Renninger & I.E. Sigel (Vol. Eds.)
   Google Scholar
• Liben , L.S. 2007 . “ Representational development and the embodied mind’s eye ” . In Developmental perspectives on embodiment and consciousness , (Jean Piaget Series) Edited by: Overton , W.F. , Mueller , U. and Newman , J.L. 191 – 224 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Liben , L.S. , Christensen , A.E. and Kastens , K.A. . Basic spatial concepts in learning geology . Paper presented at the Conference on Research and Training in Spatial Intelligence . Evanston, IL. June ,
   Google Scholar
• Lynch , M. 1990 . “ Mathematicization in the visual documentation of objects in the life sciences ” . In Representation in scientific practice , Edited by: Lynch , M. and Woolgar , S. 153 – 186 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mathewson , J.H. 1999 . Visual‐spatial thinking: An aspect of science overlooked by educators . Science Education , 83 : 33 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 2006 . Learning to think spatially , Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Piburn , M. , Reynolds , S.J. , McAuliffe , C. , Leedy , D.E. , Birk , J.P. and Johnson , J.K. 2005 . The role of visualization in learning from computer‐based images . International Journal of Science Education , 27 : 513 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadas , J. 2008 . “ Visual‐spatial modes in science learning ” . In epiSTEME‐2 research trends in science, technology and mathematics education (epiSTEME reviews) , Edited by: Choksi , B. and Natarajan , C. Vol. 2 , New Delhi : Macmillan India .
   Google Scholar
• Reiner , M. 1999 . Conceptual construction of fields through tactile interface . Interactive Learning Environments , 7 : 31 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Reiner , M. 2008 . “ The nature and development of visualization: A review of what is known ” . In Visualization: Theory and practice in science education , Edited by: Gilbert , J.K. , Reiner , M. and Nakhleh , M. 25 – 28 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , Y. 2008 . “ Using external visualizations to extend and integrate learning in mobile and classroom settings ” . In Visualization: Theory and practice in science education , Edited by: Gilbert , J.K. , Reiner , M. and Nakhleh , M. 89 – 102 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , W.‐M. 1996 . Where is the context in contextual word problems? Mathematical practices and products in Grade 8 students’ answers to story problems . Cognition and Instruction , 14 : 487 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , W.‐M. 2004 . “ Gestures: The leading edge in literacy development ” . In Crossing borders in literacy and science instruction: Perspectives on theory and practice , Edited by: Saul , E. 48 – 70 . Newark, DE : International Reading Association .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , W.‐M. and McGinn , M.K. 1998 . Inscriptions: Toward a theory of representing as social practice . Review of Educational Research , 68 : 35 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , W.‐M. , Michael , G. and McGinn , M.K. 1999 . Differences in graph‐related practices between high school biology textbooks and scientific ecology journals . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 36 : 977 – 1019 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. and Kozma , R. 2007 . “ Assessing learning from the use of multimedia chemical visualization software ” . In Visualization in science education , Edited by: Gilbert , J.K. 299 – 332 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Savec , V.F. , Vrtacnik , M. and Gilbert , J.K. 2005 . “ Evaluating the educational value of molecular structure representations ” . In Visualization in science education , Edited by: Gilbert , J.K. 269 – 300 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Schank , R. and Kozma , R. 2002 . Learning chemistry through the use of a representation‐based knowledge building environment . Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching , 21 : 253 – 279 .
   Google Scholar
• Tasker , R. and Dalton , R. 2008 . “ Visualizing the molecular world: Design, evaluation and use of animations ” . In Visualization: Theory and practice in science education , Edited by: Gilbert , J.K. , Reiner , M. and Nakhleh , M. 295 – 309 . Dordrecht : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Tolstoy , L. 1877/2004 . Anna Karenina: A novel in eight parts , Edited by: Pevear , R. and Volokhonsk , L. New York : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Toulmin , S. 1958 . The uses of argument , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tretter , T.R. , Jones , M.G. , Andre , T. , Negishi , A. and Minogue , J. 2006 . Conceptual boundaries and distances: Students’ and experts’ concepts of the scale of scientific phenomena . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 43 : 282 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar