Growth patterns in students' ability to supply scientific explanations: findings from the Third International Mathematics and Science Study in Israel

References

• KlTCHER , P. 1988 . “ Explanatory unification ” . In Theories of explanations , Edited by: Pitt , C. 167 – 187 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• HEMIPEL , C. 1965 . The logic of functional analysis. In Aspects of scientific explanations and other essays in the philosophy of science , 297 – 330 . New York : The Free Press . London: Collier-Macmillan
   Google Scholar
• HORWOOD , R. H. 1988 . Explanation and description in science teaching . Science Education , 72 : 41 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HEMPEL , C. G. and OPPENHEIM , P. 1988 . “ Studies in the logic of explanation ” . In Theories of explanations , Edited by: Pitt , J. C. 9 – 50 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• HALUDAY , M. A. K. and MARTIN , J. R. 1993 . Writing science: Literacy and discursive power , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press .
   Google Scholar
• HALLIDAY , M. A. K. 1985 . Spoken and written language , Victoria : Deakin University Press .
   Google Scholar
• ROBITALLE , F. D. , SCHMIDT , W. H. , RAIZEN , S. , MCKNIGHT , C. , BRITTON , E. and NICOL , C. 1993 . Curriculum framework for mathematics and science , TIMSS Monograph no. 1 Vancouver, , Canada : Pacific Educational Press .
   Google Scholar
• SCHANK , R. C. 1986 . Explanation patterns: Understanding mechanically and creatively , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• SCHULZ , S. Structure and content of children's explanations of physical events . Based on a poster presented at the AERA Annual Meeting . Atlanta, Georgia.
   Google Scholar
• SCRIVEN , M. 1988 . “ Explanations, predictions and laws ” . In Theories of explanation , Edited by: Pitt , J. C. 51 – 74 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• SUTHERLAND , S. , ABRAMS , E. and CUMMINS , C. L. Students' patterns of biological explanations: Trends in knowledge frameworks and spontaneous explanations . Paper presented at the NARST Annual Meeting . St Louis.
   Google Scholar
• SUTTCN , C. 1992 . Words, science and learning , Buckingham, PA : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• WONG , D. 1996 . Students' scientific explanations and the contexts in which they occur . The Elementary School Journal , 95 : 495 – 509 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FEIGL , H. 1970 . “ The Orthodox' view of theories: Remarks in defense as well as critique ” . In Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science , Edited by: Radner , M. and Winokur , S. Vol. IV , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• FRIEDMAN , M. 1988 . “ Explanation and understanding ” . In Theories of explanations , Edited by: Pitt , J. C. 180 – 198 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• KUHN , D. 1991 . The skills of argument , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• LIE , S. , TAYLOR , A. and HARMON , M. 1996 . Scoring techniques and criteria , TIMSS Technical Report (vol. 1, 7-9) Edited by: Mart , M. and Kelly , D.
   Google Scholar
• MAYER , E. 1988 . Toward a new philosophy of biology , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press . London
   Google Scholar
• OHLSSON , S. 1992 . The cognitive skill theory of articulation: A neglected aspect of science education . Science and Education , 1 : 111 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• PALLRAND , G. December 1996 . “ The relationship of assessment to knowledge development in science education ” . In Phi Delta Kappan December , 315 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• BATESON , G. 1979 . Mind in nature: A necessary unity , New York : Dutton .
   Google Scholar
• BEATON , A. E. 1996 . Adapting average proportion - Correct technology for TIMSS. TIMSS International Study Center , TIMSS doc. ref. ICC978/NRC 358 Boston College .
   Google Scholar