‘Teacher only calls her pets’: teacher's selective attention and the invisible life of a diverse classroom in Ghana

References

• Addae-Mensah , I. 2000 . Education in Ghana: A tool for social mobility or social stratification? , Accra, Ghana : Academy of Arts and Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• Alidou , H. and Brock-Utne , B. . Teaching in a familiar language. Optimizing learning and education in Africa–the language factor: A stock-taking research on mother tongue and bilingual education in sub-Saharan Africa . Paper presented at conference on bilingual education and the use of local languages . August 3–5 2005 . Windhoek, Namibia : Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit, UNESCO Institute for Education .
   Google Scholar
• Allwright , D. and Bailey , K. M. 2004 . Focus on the language classroom: An introduction to classroom research for language teachers , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , G. L. 1990 . Toward a critical constructivist approach to school administration: Invisibility, legitimation, and the study of non-events . Educational Administration Quarterly , 26 : 38 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andoh-Kumi , K. 2001 . “ Apala School and Erokosa Teacher Training College ” . In IEQ2/Ghana final report: the implementation of Ghana's school language policy , Edited by: Amissah , P. , Andoh-Kumi , K. , Amoah , S. A. , Awedoba , A. , Mensah , F. , Wilmot , E. and Miske , S. 1 – 25 . Accra, Ghana : IEQ/USAID .
   Google Scholar
• Apple , M. W. 1979 . Ideology and curriculum , London, Boston and Henley : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Apple , M. W. 2006 . “ Producing inequalities: Neo-liberalism, neo-conservatism, and the politics of educational reform ” . In Education, globalization, and social change , Edited by: Lauder , H. , Brown , P. , Dillabough , J.-A. and Halsey , A. H. 468 – 89 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Au , K. H. 1998 . Social constructivism and the school literacy learning of students of diverse backgrounds. . Journal of Literacy Research , 30 ( 2 ) : 297 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch , C. 2002 . “ Concepts of early childhood development (ECD) ” . In Literacy learning and materials development in multilingual settings , Cape Town, South Africa : PRAESA .
   Google Scholar
• Bloch , C. 2006 . Theory and strategy of early literacy in contemporary Africa with special reference to South Africa PRAESA Occasional Papers, no. 25
   Google Scholar
• Bloch , C. 2007 . “ Putting little books into little hands in the year of African languages: A stories across Africa project initiative ” . In Literacy and linguistic diversity in a global perspective: An intercultural exchange with African countries , Edited by: Alexander , N. and Busch , B. 49 – 62 . Graz, Austria : Council of Europe Publishing, European Centre for Modern Languages .
   Google Scholar
• Bloome , D. , Carter , S. P. , Otto , S. and Shuart-Faris , N. 2005 . Discourse analysis and the study of classroom language and literacy events—A microethnographic perspective , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Brock-Utne , B. 2001 . Education for all—In whose language? . Oxford Review of Education , 27 ( 1 ) : 115 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock-Utne , B. and Alidou , H. . Active students-learning through their master. Optimizing learning and education in Africa—The language factor A stock-taking research on mother tongue and bilingual education in sub-Saharan Africa . Paper presented at conference on bilingual education and the use of local languages, Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit . Windhoek, Namibia : UNESCO Institute for Education .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , K. M. 2006 . Leadership for social justice and equity: Evaluating a transformative framework and andragogy. . Educational Administration Quarterly , 42 ( 5 ) : 700 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunyi , G. W. 2005 . “ Language classroom practices in Kenya ” . In Decolonisation, globalisation: Language-in-education, policy and practice , Edited by: Lin , A. M. Y. and Martin , P. W. 131 – 52 . Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Busch , B. 2007 . “ Materials development for linguistic diversity and intercultural learning ” . In Literacy and linguistic diversity in a global perspective: an intercultural exchange with African countries , Edited by: Alexander , N. and Busch , B. 75 – 90 . Graz, Austria : Council of Europe Publishing, European Centre for Modern Languages .
   Google Scholar
• Busia , K. A. 1964 . Purposeful education for Africa , London : Mouton .
   Google Scholar
• Chick , J. K. 1996 . “ Safe-talk: Collusion in apartheid education ” . In Society and the language classroom , Edited by: Coleman , H. 21 – 39 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christie , P. , Harley , K. and Penny , A. 2005 . “ Case studies from sub-Saharan Africa ” . In International handbook of continuing professional development , Edited by: Day , C. and Sachs , J. 167 – 90 . Buckingham, UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , L. , Manion , L. and Morrison , K. 2000 . Research methods in education , London : Routledge Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Cummins , J. 1986 . Empowering minority students: A framework for intervention. . Harvard Educational Review , 56 ( 1 ) : 18 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins , J. 2000 . Language, power and pedagogy , Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , V. 1997 . “ Reading in multilingual classrooms ” . In Encyclopedia of language and education: Literacy, vol. 2 , Edited by: Edwards , V. and Corson , D. 47 – 56 . Dordrecht, The Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , V. 2005 . Design issues in multilingual publishing for children , Graz, Austria : European Centre for Modern Languages . Project A3–LDL—Linguistic diversity and literacy in a global perspective. Central Workshop Report 3/2005
   Google Scholar
• Fentiman , A. , Hall , A. and Bundy , D. 1999 . School enrolment patterns in rural Ghana: A comparative study of the impact of location, gender, age and health on children's access to basic schooling. . Comparative Education , 35 ( 3 ) : 331 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , K. E. 1995 . Understanding communication in second language classrooms , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kraft , R. J. 2003 . Primary education in Ghana: A report to USAID , Accra, Ghana : USAID/Ghana Ministry of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Lai , C. 1994 . Communication failure in the language classroom: An exploration of causes. . RELC Journal , 25 ( 1 ) : 99 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Luke , A. 1988 . Literacy, textbooks and ideology: Postwar literacy instruction and the mythology of Dick and Jane , London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Luke , C. , de Castell , S. and Luke , A. 1998 . “ Beyond criticism: The authority of the school textbook ” . In Language editority and criticism: Readings on the school textbook , Edited by: de Castell , S. , Luke , A. and Luke , C. 245 – 60 . London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , P. W. 1999 . Bilingual unpacking of monolingual texts in two primary classrooms in Brunei Darussalam. . Language and Education , 13 ( 1 ) : 38 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , P. W. 2005 . “ ‘Safe’ language practices in two rural schools in Malaysia: Tensions between policy and practice ” . In Decolonisation, globalisation: Language-in-education, policy and practice , Edited by: Lin , A. M. Y. and Martin , P. W. 74 – 97 . Clevedon, UK : Multilingual Matters .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education . 2002 . Textbook development and distribution policy for basic education , Accra, Ghana : CRDD for Ministry of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Montagnes , I. 2001 . Textbooks and learning materials: 1990–99 , Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Moulton , J. 1997 . “ How do teachers use textbooks and other print materials? ” . In A review of literature , South Africa : IEQ .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , S. B. 1999 . Books make a difference: A study of access to literacy. . Reading Research Quarterly , 34 ( 3 ) : 286 – 311 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuman , S. B. and Celano , D. 2001 . Access to print in low-income and middle-income communities: An ecological study of four neighbourhoods. . Reading Research Quarterly , 36 ( 1 ) : 8 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nsiah-Peprah , Y. 2004 . Assessment of the role of private schools in the development of education in Ghana. A study of the Kumasi metropolis. . Journal of Science and Technology , 24 ( 2 ) : 54 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Osei , G. M. 2003 . Issues arising from an examination of the junior secondary reform of 1987 in Ghana . Educational Studies , 29 ( 2 & 3 ) : 141 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , W. , Randolph , E. , Casley-Hayford , L. , O'Shaughnessy , R. , Snyder , W. Gyamera , E. 2005 . A look at learning in Ghana: The final evaluation of USAID/Ghana's quality improvement in primary schools (QUIPS) programme , Accra, Ghana : USAID .
   Google Scholar
• Peacock , A. 1995 . An agenda for research on text material in primary science for second language learners of English in developing countries. . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 16 ( 5 ) : 389 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearson , P. D. 1996 . Six ideas in search of a champion: What policymakers should know about the teaching and learning of literacy in our schools. . Journal of Literacy Research , 28 ( 2 ) : 302 – 309 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rassool , N. , Edwards , V. and Bloch , C. 2006 . Language and development in multilingual settings: A case study of knowledge exchange and teacher education in South Africa . Review of Education , 52 : 533 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , J. C. 1993 . Beyond the textbook: The role of commercial materials in language teaching. . RELC Journal , 24 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Sen , A. 2006 . “ Poverty as capability deprivation ” . In Education, globalization, and social change , Edited by: Lauder , H. , Brown , P. , Dillabough , J-A. and Halsey , A. H. 949 – 65 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sosniak , L. A. and Perlman , C. L. 1990 . Secondary education by the book. . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 22 ( 5 ) : 427 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromquist , N. P. 2006 . “ What poverty does to girls' education: The intersection of class, gender and policy in Latin America ” . In Education, globalization, and social change , Edited by: Lauder , H. , Brown , P. , Dillabough , J-A. and Halsey , A. H. 966 – 79 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tabulawa , R. 1997 . Pedagogical classroom practice and the social context: The case of Botswana. . International Journal of Educational Development , 17 ( 2 ) : 189 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teale , W. H. Paciga , K. A. 2007 . Beginning reading instruction in urban schools: The curriculum gap ensures a continuing achievement gap . The Reading Teacher , 61 ( 4 ) : 344 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J. D. and Snipper , G. C. 1990 . Literacy and bilingualism , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar