Scientific and technological fundamentals for the development of the controlled short-circuiting MIG/MAG welding process: a review of the literature. Part 2 of 3. Metal droplet formation, shield gases, penetration mechanisms, heat input and economical aspects

References

• Vaidya , V . 2002 . Shielding gas mixtures for semiautomatic welds . Weld J Miami , 81 ( 9 ) : 43 – 48 . Sep
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin , M . 1981 . Synergic pulse MIG welding . Met Construct , 13 : 349 – 353 . June
   Google Scholar
• Amin , M . 1983 . Pulse current parameters for arc stability and controlled metal transfer in arc welding . Met Construct , 15 : 272 – 278 . May
   Google Scholar
• Gas metal arc welding of carbon steel. PRAXAIR. Training Program. September; 1999. p. 50.
   Google Scholar
• Waszink , JH . 1982 . Heat generation and heat flow in the filler metal in GMA welding . Weld J Miami , 61 ( 8 ) : 269 – 280 . Aug
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deruntz , BD . 2003 . Assessing the benefits of surface tension transfer welding to industry . J Ind Technol , 19 ( 4 ) : 2 – 8 . Aug to Oct
   Google Scholar
• Baixo CEI. A study of MIG/MAG welding using the dry hyperbaric technique [doctorate thesis (Engineering)]. [Florianópolis (SC)]: Federal University of Santa Catarina; 1999. p. 169.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , IM . 1994 . The influence of power source dynamics on wire melting rate in pulsed GMA welding . Weld J Miami , 73 ( 2 ) : 32 – 37 . Feb
   Google Scholar
• Dutra JC, et al. Presentation at BRASILMAQ 2004, PowerPoint presentation. CD. 1 file. Microsoft Power Point; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Baixo , CEI . 2002. . Activity report p. 42
   Google Scholar
• Stenbakca , N and Persson , K . 1989 . Shielding gases for gas metal arc welding . Weld J Miami , 8 ( 11 ) : 41 – 47 . Nov
   Google Scholar
• Tong , H . 2001 . Quality and productivity improvement in aluminium alloy thin sheet welding using alternating pulsed current metal inert gas welding system . Sci Technol Weld Join , 6 ( 4 ) : 203 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slania , J . 1996 . Determination of the conditions for stable transfer of metal from the electrode to the molten pool during MAG welding with short circuiting and pulsating arcs . Weld Int , 10 : 849 – 852 .
   Google Scholar
• Choi , SK . 1998 . Dynamic simulation of metal transfer in GMAW . Weld J Miami , 77 ( 1 ) : 38 – 51 . Jan
   Google Scholar
• Stava , EK . 1993 . A new, low spatter arc welding machine . Weld J , 72 ( 1 ) : 25 – 29 . Jan
   Google Scholar
• Hsu , C and Stava , E . 1999 . “ Wire extension measurement during short circuiting metal transfer ” . In In: Metal welding and applications , Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Symposium. Met Soc 351 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Kim , YS and Eagar , TW . 1993 . Analysis of metal transfer in gas metal arc welding . Weld Res Suppl , 72 ( 6 ) : 269 – 278 . June
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , ML . 1985 . Influence of arc pressure on weld pool geometry . Weld J Miami , 64 ( 6 ) : 163 – 169 . June
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira , AR . 1999 . Liquids: changes in state and connected properties , 20 July 1999 Report Salvador : UNIFACS .
   Google Scholar
• Kvasov , FV . 2000 . Special features of mechanized welding with controlled electrode metal transfer . Weld Int , 14 ( 2 ) : 158 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Irving , B . 1994 May . Trying to make some sense out of shielding gases . Weld J Miami , 73 ( 5 ) : 65 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Chae , YM . 1999 . A new instantaneous output current control method for inverter arc welding machine . IEEE , 1 : 521 – 526 .
   Google Scholar
• Moyer , N . 2002 Sep . The evolution of shielding gas . Weld J Miami , 81 ( 9 ) : 51 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving , B . 1999 Jan . Shielding gases are the key to innovations in welding . Weld J Miami , 78 ( 1 ) : 37 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Dillenbeck , VR . 1987 Sep . The effects of various shielding gases and associated mixtures in GMA welding of mild steel . Weld J Miami , 66 ( 9 ) : 45 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , S and Siewert , A . 1989 . Metal transfer in gas metal arc welding: droplet rate . Weld J Miami , 68 ( 2 ) : 52 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gas metal arc welding of stainless steel. PRAXAIR Training Program. September; 1999. 47 p.
   Google Scholar
• Cavsteel. Shielding gases for welding. Available from www.cavsteel.com.br (http://www.cavsteel.com.br) , Accessed on 20/01/2004.
   Google Scholar
• Yi , X . 2002 . A numerical model of wire melting rate in CO2 gas shielded welding . Mat Des , 23 ( 5 ) : 501 – 504 .
   Google Scholar
• Halmoy , E . 1980 . “ Wire melting rate, droplet temperature and effective anode melting potential ” . In In: Arc Physics and Weld Pool Behaviour International Conference , Vol. 1 , 49 – 57 . London : The Welding Institute . 1979, London, papers
   Google Scholar
• Suban , M and Tusek , J . 2001 . Dependence of melting rate in MIG/MAG welding on the type of shielding gas used . J Mater Proc Technol , 119 : 185 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essers , WG and Walter , R . 1980 . “ Some aspects of the penetration mechanisms in metal inert gas (MIG) welding ” . In In: Arc Physics and Weld Pool Behaviour International Conference , Vol. 1 , 289 – 295 . London : The Welding Institute . 1979, London, papers
   Google Scholar
• Essers , WG . 1981 Feb . Heat transfer and penetration mechanisms with GMA and plasma-GMA welding . Weld J Miami , 60 ( 2 ) : 37 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aichele , G . 2002 . The contact tube distance in gas shielded metal arc welding – how does it work? . Weld Cutt , : 80 – 83 . Düsseldorf, Feb
   Google Scholar
• Kou , S . 1987 . Welding metallurgy , 410 p Hoboken : Willey .
   Google Scholar
• Corrêa MA. Planning directives and metrological qualification of measurement systems for electrical value are welding processes [master's dissertation (Metrology)]. [Florianópolis (SC)]: Federal University of Santa Catarina. 1999. 77 p.
   Google Scholar
• Heat-input control limits distortion and spatter. Weld Des Fabric, August; 1999. p. 20–22.
   Google Scholar
• Kou , S . 2003 . Welding metallurgy , 2nd ed. , 461 p Hoboken : Willey .
   Google Scholar
• Eassa , HE . 1983 . A high performance welding power source and its application . IEEE , : 1241 – 1244 .
   Google Scholar
• Essers , WG . 1976 May . Plasma with GMA welding . Weld J Miami , 55 ( 5 ) : 394 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar