Comparison between pulsatile GnRH therapy and gonadotropins for ovulation induction in women with both functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovarian morphology

References

• Santoro N. Update in hyper- and hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3281–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couzinet B, Young J, Brailly S, et al. Functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea: a partial and reversible gonadotrophin deficiency of nutritional origin. Clin Endocrinol 1999;50:229–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fourman LT, Fazeli PK. Neuroendocrine causes of amenorrhea – an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015;100:812–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christin-Maitre S, de Crecy M, Groupe Français des pompes à GRH. Pregnancy outcomes following pulsatile GnRH treatment: results of a large multicenter retrospective study. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod 2007;36:8–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin KA, Hall JE, Adams JM, et al. Comparison of exogenous gonadotropins and pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone for induction of ovulation in hypogonadotropic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:125–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mais V, Melis GB, Strigini F, et al. Adjusting the dose to the individual response of the patient during the induction of ovulation with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Fertil Steril 1991;55:80–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homburg R, Eshel A, Armar NA, et al. One hundred pregnancies after treatment with pulsatile luteinising hormone releasing hormone to induce ovulation. BMJ 1989;298:809–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hum Reprod 2003;19:41–7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman RJ, Dewailly D, Legro RS, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet 2007;370:685–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balen AH, Laven JS, Tan SL, et al. Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary: international consensus definitions. Hum Reprod Update 2003;9:505–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger CW, Korsen TJ, Hompes PG, et al. Ovulation induction with pulsatile luteinizing releasing hormone in women with clomiphene citrate-resistant polycystic ovary-like disease: clinical results. Fertil Steril 1986;46:1045–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eshel A, Abdulwahid NA, Armar NA, et al. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone therapy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1988;49:956–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corenthal L, Von Hagen S, Larkins D, et al. Benefits of continuous physiological pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril 1994;61:1027–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filicori M, Flamigni C, Meriggiola MC, et al. Endocrine response determines the clinical outcome of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone ovulation induction in different ovulatory disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:965–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayram N, van Wely M, van der Veen F. Pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone for ovulation induction in subfertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004;CD000412
   Google Scholar
• Thessaloniki, ESHRE/ASRM-sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Consensus on infertility treatment related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2008;23:462–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin G, Gallo C, Catteau-Jonard S, et al. Polycystic Ovary-Like Abnormalities (PCO-L) in women with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:4236–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyss AC, Merlen E, Demerle C, et al. Revelation of a polymicrocystic ovary syndrome after one month’s treatment by pulsatile GnRH in a patient presenting with functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2003;31:1039–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mattle V, Bilgyicildirim A, Hadziomerovic D, et al. Polycystic ovarian disease unmasked by pulsatile GnRH therapy in a subgroup of women with hypothalamic amenorrhea. Fertil Steril 2008;89:404–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossmanith WG, Wirth U, Benz R, et al. Endocrine dynamics during pulsatile GnRH administration in patients with hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovarian disease. Gynecol Endocrinol 1989;3:21–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachter M, Balen AH, Patel A, et al. Hypogonadotropic patients with ultrasonographically detected polycystic ovaries: endocrine response to pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Gynecol Endocrinol 1996;10:327–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filicori M, Campaniello E, Michelacci L, et al. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog suppression renders polycystic ovarian disease patients more susceptible to ovulation induction with pulsatile GnRH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;66:327–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams J, Franks S, Polson DW, et al. Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet 1985;2:1375–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JG, Lobo RA. The complex relationship between hypothalamic amenorrhea and polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1394–7
   Google Scholar
• Shoham Z, Conway GS, Patel A, et al. Polycystic ovaries in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: similarity of ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril 1992;58:37–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sum M, Warren MP. Hypothalamic amenorrhea in young women with underlying polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2009;92:2106–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filicori M, Flamigni C, Dellai P, et al. Treatment of anovulation with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone: prognostic factors and clinical results in 600 cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1215–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubourdieu S, Freour T, Dessolle L, et al. Prospective, randomized comparison between pulsatile GnRH therapy and combined gonadotropin (FSH + LH) treatment for ovulation induction in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea and underlying polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2013;168:45–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewailly D, Gronier H, Poncelet E, et al. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): revisiting the threshold values of follicle count on ultrasound and of the serum AMH level for the definition of polycystic ovaries. Hum Reprod 2011;26:3123–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewailly D, Catteau-Jonard S, Reyss AC, et al. Oligoanovulation with polycystic ovaries but not overt hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:3922–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewailly D, Pigny P, Soudan B, et al. Reconciling the definitions of polycystic ovary syndrome: the ovarian follicle number and serum anti-Mullerian hormone concentrations aggregate with the markers of hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4399–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christin-Maitre S, Hugues JN, Recombinant FSH, Study Group. A comparative randomized multicentric study comparing the step-up versus step-down protocol in polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod 2003;18:1626–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hull ME, Moghissi KS, Magyar DM, et al. Correlation of serum estradiol levels and ultrasound monitoring to assess follicular maturation. Fertil Steril 1986;46:42–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilling-Smith C, Willis DS, Beard RW, et al. Hypersecretion of androstenedione by isolated thecal cells from polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1158–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chappel SC, Howles C. Reevaluation of the roles of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the ovulatory process. Hum Reprod 1991;6:1206–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan L, Owen EJ, Jacobs HS. Hypersecretion of luteinising hormone, infertility, and miscarriage. Lancet 1990;336:1141–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewailly D, Andersen CY, Balen A, et al. The physiology and clinical utility of anti-Mullerian hormone in women. Hum Reprod Update 2014;20:370–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewailly D, Alebic MS, Duhamel A, et al. Using cluster analysis to identify a homogeneous subpopulation of women with polycystic ovarian morphology in a population of non-hyperandrogenic women with regular menstrual cycles. Hum Reprod 2014;29:2536–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catteau-Jonard S, Bancquart J, Poncelet E, et al. Polycystic ovaries at ultrasound: normal variant or silent polycystic ovary syndrome? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2012;40:223–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duijkers IJ, Klipping C. Polycystic ovaries, as defined by the 2003 Rotterdam consensus criteria, are found to be very common in young healthy women. Gynecol Endocrinol 2010;26:152–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone EB, Rosen MP, Neril R, et al. The polycystic ovary post-rotterdam: a common, age-dependent finding in ovulatory women without metabolic significance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4965–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen SL, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Ernst E, et al. A very large proportion of young Danish women have polycystic ovaries: is a revision of the Rotterdam criteria needed? Hum Reprod 2010;25:3117–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catteau-Jonard S, Dewailly D. Pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome: the role of hyperandrogenism. Front Hormone Res 2013;40:22–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanchin R, Schonauer LM, Righini C, et al. Serum anti-Mullerian hormone is more strongly related to ovarian follicular status than serum inhibin B, estradiol, FSH and LH on day 3. Hum Reprod 2003;18:323–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeppesen JV, Anderson RA, Kelsey TW, et al. Which follicles make the most anti-Mullerian hormone in humans? Evidence for an abrupt decline in AMH production at the time of follicle selection. Mol Hum Reprod 2013;19:519–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rooij IA, Broekmans FJ, te Velde ER, et al. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone levels: a novel measure of ovarian reserve. Hum Reprod 2002;17:3065–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar