Human vaginal pH and microbiota: an update

References

• Sorensen SPL Über die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen. Biochem Zeitschr 1909;21:131–304.
   Google Scholar
• Döderlein A. Das Scheidensekret und seine Bedeutung für das Puerperalfieber. Zentbl Bakteriol Microbiol Hyg Abt 1892;11:699.
   Google Scholar
• North American Menopause Society. The role of local vaginal estrogen for treatment of vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: 2007 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause 2007;14:355–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X. Characterization of vaginal microbial communities in adult healthy women using cultivation-independent methods. Microbiology 2004;150:2565–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farage M , Maibach H. Lifetime changes in the vulva and vagina. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2006;273:195–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willhite LA , O'Connell MB. Urogenital atrophy: prevention and treatment. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21:464–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildirim S , Yeoman CJ , Janga SC , et al . Primate vaginal microbiomes exhibit species specificity without universal Lactobacillus dominance. ISME J 2014;8:2431–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller EA , Beasley DAnna. E , Dunn RR , et al . Lactobacilli dominance and vaginal pH: why is the human vaginal microbiome unique? Front Microbiol 2016;7:1936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker G . The agricultural revolution in prehistory: why did foragers become farmers? Oxford University Press; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Lockhart AB , Thrall PH , Antonovics J , et al . Sexually transmitted diseases in animals: ecological and evolutionary implications. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 1996;71:415–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stumpf RM , Wilson BA , Rivera A , et al . The primate vaginal microbiome: comparative context and implications for human health and disease. Am J Phys Anthropol 2013;152:119–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Bello MG , Costello EK , Contreras M , et al . Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2010;107:11971–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerschlag MR , Alpert S , Rosner I , et al . Microbiology of the vagina in children: normal and potentially pathogenic organisms. Pediatrics 1978;62:57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoma ME , Gray RH , Kiwanuka N , et al . Longitudinal changes in vaginal microbiota composition assessed by gram stain among never sexually active pre- and postmenarcheal adolescents in Rakai, Uganda. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2011;24:42–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammerschlag MR , Alpert S , Onderdonk AB , et al . Anaerobic microflora of the vagina in children. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978;131:853–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Olmos MI , Barousse MM , Rajan L , et al . Vaginal lactobacilli in adolescents: presence and relationship to local and systemic immunity, and to bacterial vaginosis. Sex Transm Dis 2004;31:393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravel J , Gajer P , Abdo Z , et al . Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2011;108:4680–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spear GT , French AL , Gilbert D , et al . Human α-amylase present in lower-genital-tract mucosal fluid processes glycogen to support vaginal colonization by Lactobacillus. J Infect Dis 2014;210:1019–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauth HF. Gynecological cytology. Stuttgart, New York: Georg Thieme Verlag; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Frienkel RK. Metabolism of the skin. In: Frienkel RK , Woodley DT , eds. The biology of the skin. New York: Parthenon Publishing; 2001:191.
   Google Scholar
• Gorodeski GI , Hopfer U , Liu CC , et al . Estrogen acidifies vaginal pH by up-regulation of proton secretion via the apical membrane of vaginal-ectocervical epithelial cells. Endocrinology 2005;146:816–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorodeski GI. Effects of estrogen on proton secretion via the apical membrane in vaginal-ectocervical epithelial cells of postmenopausal women. Menopause 2005;12:679–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner G , Ottesen B. Vaginal physiology during menstruation. Ann Intern Med 1982;96:921–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill DR , Brunner ME , Schmitz DC , et al . In vivo assessment of human vaginal oxygen and carbon dioxide levels during and post menses. J Appl Physiol 2005;99:1582–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eschenbach DA , Thwin SS , Patton DL , et al . Influence of the normal menstrual cycle on vaginal tissue, discharge, and microflora. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:901–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafez ES. Atlas of human reproduction by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Springer; 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Semmens JP , Wagner G. Estrogen deprivation and vaginal function in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1982;248:445–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen B , Goplerud CP , Petzold CR , et al . Effect of estrogen treatment on the genital tract flora of postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 1982;60:20–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginkel PD , Soper DE , Bump RC , et al . Vaginal flora in postmenopausal women: the effect of estrogen replacement. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1993;1:94–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirmonsef P , Modur S , Burgad D , et al . Exploratory comparison of vaginal glycogen and Lactobacillus levels in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Menopause 2015;22:702–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhleisen AL , Herbst-Kralovetz MM. Menopause and the vaginal microbiome. Maturitas 2016;91:42–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman RM , Shardell MD , Gajer P , et al . Association between the vaginal microbiota, menopause status and signs of vulvovaginal atrophy. Menopause NY 2014;21:450–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royce RA , Jackson TP , Thorp JM , et al . Race/ethnicity, vaginal flora patterns, and pH during pregnancy. Sex Transm Dis 1999;26:96–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fettweis JM , Brooks JP , Serrano MG , et al . Differences in vaginal microbiome in African American women versus women of European ancestry. Microbiology 2014;160:2272–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiscella K , Klebanoff MA. Are racial differences in vaginal pH explained by vaginal flora? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:747–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar