Mood disorders and hormonal status across women’s life: a narrative review

References

• Seedat S, Scott KM, Angermeyer MC, et al. Cross-National associations between gender and mental disorders in the world health organization world mental health surveys. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(7):785–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahokas A, Kaukoranta J, Wahlbeck K, et al. Estrogen deficiency in severe postpartum depression: successful treatment with sublingual physiologic 17 beta-estradiol: a preliminary study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(5):332–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veral A, Alper G, Mentes G, et al. Age and sex related alterations in serum and platelet monoamine oxidase. Eur J Clin Chem Clin. 1997;35(4):265–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giannini A, Caretto M, Genazzani AR, et al. Optimizing quality of life through sex steroids by their effects on neurotransmitters. Climacteric. 2019;22(1):55–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth C, Villringerlzw A, Sacher J. Sex hormones affect neurotransmitters and shape the adult female brain during hormonal transition periods. Front Neurosci-Switz. 2015;9:37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuner B, Gould E. Structural plasticity and hippocampal function. Annu Rev Psychol. 2010;61:111–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber CJ, Tschugguel W, Schneeberger C, et al. Mechanisms of disease - Production and actions of estrogens. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(5):340–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsley CH, Trainer R, Stafisso-Sandoz G, et al. Motherhood and the hormones of pregnancy modify concentrations of hippocampal neuronal dendritic spines. Horm Behav. 2006;49(2):131–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould E, Woolley CS, Frankfurt M, et al. Gonadal-Steroids regulate dendritic spine density in hippocampal pyramidal cells in adulthood. J Neurosci. 1990;10(4):1286–1291.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra SW, Hoskin E, Yudkovitz J, et al. Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor beta in the mouse brain: comparison with estrogen receptor alpha. Endocrinology. 2003;144(5):2055–2067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barha CK, Lieblich SE, Galea LAM. Different forms of oestrogen rapidly upregulate cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus of adult female rats. J Neuroendocrinol. 2009;21(3):155–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendell AL, Atwi S, Bailey CDC, et al. Expansion of mossy fibers and CA3 apical dendritic length accompanies the fall in dendritic spine density after gonadectomy in male, but not female, rats. Brain Struct Funct. 2017;222(1):587–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan A, Gabor CS, Favaro KJ, et al. Low doses of 17 beta-Estradiol rapidly improve learning and increase hippocampal dendritic spines. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37(10):2299–2309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lymer JM, Sheppard PAS, Kuun T, et al. Estrogens and their receptors in the medial amygdala rapidly facilitate social recognition in female mice. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2018;89:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ervin KSJ, Le EM, Gallagher N, et al. Activation of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor, but not estrogen receptor alpha or beta, rapidly enhances social learning. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2015;58:51–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tskitishvili E, Pequeux C, Munaut C, et al. Use of estetrol with other steroids for attenuation of neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic brain injury: to combine or not to combine? Oncotarget. 2016;7(23):33722–33743.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tskitishvili E, Pequeux C, Munaut C, et al. Estrogen receptors and estetrol-dependent neuroprotective actions: a pilot study. J Endocrinol. 2017;232(1):85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolley CS, Mcewen BS. Roles of estradiol and progesterone in regulation of hippocampal dendritic spine density during the Estrous-Cycle in the rat. J Comp Neurol. 1993;336(2):293–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irwin RW, Solinsky CM, Brinton RD. Frontiers in therapeutic development of allopregnanolone for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurological disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2014;8:203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellon SH, Griffin LD, Compagnone NA. Biosynthesis and action of neurosteroids. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2001;37(1–3):3–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mellon SH. Neurosteroid regulation of Central nervous system development. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;116(1):107–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettorossi VE, Frondaroli A, Grassi S. Cyclic estrogenic fluctuation influences synaptic transmission of the medial vestibular nuclei in female rats. Acta Otolaryngol. 2011;131(4):434–439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genazzani AR, Bernardi F, Stomati M, et al. Effects of estradiol and raloxifene analog on brain, adrenal and serum allopregnanolone content in fertile and ovariectomized female rats. Neuroendocrinology. 2000;72(3):162–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melcangi RC, Froelichsthal P, Martini L, et al. Steroid metabolizing enzymes in pluripotential progenitor Central nervous system cells: effect of differentiation and maturation. Neuroscience. 1996;72(2):467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benarroch EE. Neurosteroids - Endogenous modulators of neuronal excitability and plasticity. Neurology. 2007;68(12):945–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belelli D, Lambert JJ. Neurosteroids: endogenous regulators of the GABA(A) receptor. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(7):565–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang JM, Brinton RD. Allopregnanolone-induced rise in intracellular calcium in embryonic hippocampal neurons parallels their proliferative potential. BMC Neurosci. 2008;9(S2):S11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher M, Guennoun R, Robert FO, et al. Local synthesis and dual actions of progesterone in the nervous system: neuroprotection and myelination. Growth Horm Igf Res. 2004;14:18–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yankova M, Hart SA, Woolley CS. Estrogen increases synaptic connectivity between single presynaptic inputs and multiple postsynaptic CA1 pyramidal cells: a serial electron-microscopic study. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(6):3525–3530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokomaku D, Numakawa T, Numakawa Y, et al. Estrogen enhances depolarization-induced glutamate release through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase in cultured hippocampal neurons. Mol Endocrinol. 2003;17(5):831–844.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinowich K, Lu B. Interaction between BDNF and serotonin: role in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008;33(1):73–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinow DR, Schmidt PJ, Roca CA. Estrogen-serotonin interactions: implications for affective regulation. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44(9):839–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu NZ, Shlaes TA, Gundlah C, et al. Ovarian steroid action on tryptophan hydroxylase protein and serotonin compared to localization of ovarian steroid receptors in midbrain of guinea pigs. Endocrine. 1999;11(3):257–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bethea CL, Lu NZ, Gundlah C, et al. Diverse actions of ovarian steroids in the serotonin neural system. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2002;23(1):41–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pecins-Thompson M, Brown NA, Kohama SG, et al. Ovarian steroid regulation of tryptophan hydroxylase mRNA expression in rhesus macaques. J Neurosci. 1996;16(21):7021–7029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman NEJ, Puri V, Chandrala S, et al. Serotonin in trigeminal ganglia of female rodents: relevance to menstrual migraine. Headache. 2006;46(8):1230–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterlund MK, Hurd YL. Estrogen receptors in the human forebrain and the relation to neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol. 2001;64(3):251–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benmansour S, Weaver RS, Barton AK, et al. Comparison of the effects of estradiol and progesterone on serotonergic function. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;71(7):633–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-Meza A, Usall J, Serrano-Blanco A, et al. Gender differences in response to antidepressant treatment prescribed in primary care. Does menopause make a difference? J Affect Disord. 2006;93(1–3):53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pae CU, Mandelli L, Kim TS, et al. Effectiveness of antidepressant treatments in pre-menopausal versus post-menopausal women: a pilot study on differential effects of sex hormones on antidepressant effects. Biomed Pharmacother. 2009;63(3):228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez MG, Bourque M, Morissette M, et al. Steroids-dopamine interactions in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2010;16(3):e43–e71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker JB. Estrogen rapidly potentiates amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release and rotational behavior during microdialysis. Neurosci Lett. 1990;118(2):169–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs E, D’Esposito M. Estrogen shapes dopamine-dependent cognitive processes: implications for women’s health. J Neurosci. 2011;31(14):5286–5293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupprecht R. The neuropsychopharmacological potential of neuroactive steroids. J Psychiatr Res. 1997;31(3):297–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteleone P, Luisi S, Tonetti A, et al. Allopregnanolone concentrations and premenstrual syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2000;142(3):269–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzaley AH, Weiland NG, McEwen BS, et al. Differential regulation of NMDAR1 mRNA and protein by estradiol in the rat hippocampus. J Neurosci. 1996;16(21):6830–6838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen H, Yehuda R. Gender differences in animal models of posttraumatic stress disorder. Dis Markers. 2011;30(2–3):141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemann TM, McMahon LL. 17 Beta estradiol increases resilience and improves hippocampal synaptic function in helpless ovariectomized rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;42:77–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigorova M, Sherwin BB, Tulandi T. Effects of treatment with leuprolide acetate depot on working memory and executive functions in young premenopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(8):935–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith SS, Waterhouse BD, Chapin JK, et al. Progesterone alters gaba and glutamate responsiveness - a possible mechanism for its anxiolytic action. Brain Res. 1987;400(2):353–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton K. Treating the premenstrual-syndrome. Brit Med J. 1988;297(6646):490.
   Google Scholar
• Dalton K. The etiology of premenstrual-syndrome is with the progesterone receptors. Med Hypotheses. 1990;31(4):323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Salem AH, Abdulla MR, Kothari MR, et al. Congenital pyloric atresia, presentation, management, and outcome: a report of 20 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 2014;49(7):1078–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chocano-Bedoya PO, Manson JE, Hankinson SE, et al. Intake of selected minerals and risk of premenstrual syndrome. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(10):1118–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertone-Johnson ER, Hankinson SE, Willett WC, et al. Adiposity and the development of premenstrual syndrome. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010;19(11):1955–1962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt PJ, Martinez PE, Nieman LK, et al. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms following ovarian suppression: triggered by change in ovarian steroid levels but not continuous stable levels. Am J Psychiatry. 2017;174(10):980–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardi I, Luisi S, Quirici B, et al. Adrenal response to adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation in patients with premenstrual syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2004;18(2):79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods NF, Mitchell ES, Adams C. Memory functioning among midlife women: observations from the seattle midlife women’s health study. Menopause. 2000;7(4):257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, et al. Perinatal depression - A systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106(5 Pt 1):1071–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch M, Schmidt PJ, Danaceau M, et al. Effects of gonadal steroids in women with a history of postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(6):924–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frokjaer VG, Vinberg M, Erritzoe D, et al. High familial risk for mood disorder is associated with low dorsolateral prefrontal cortex serotonin transporter binding. Neuroimage. 2009;46(2):360–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stell BM, Brickley SG, Tang CY, et al. Neuroactive steroids reduce neuronal excitability by selectively enhancing tonic inhibition mediated by Delta subunit-containing GABA(A) receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(24):14439–14444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buster JE. Gestational changes in Steroid-Hormone biosynthesis, secretion, metabolism, and action. Clin Perinatol. 1983;10(3):527–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concas A, Mostallino MC, Porcu P, et al. Role of brain allopregnanolone in the plasticity of gamma-aminobutyric acid type a receptor in rat brain during pregnancy and after delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(22):13284–13289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follesa P, Floris S, Tuligi G, et al. Molecular and functional adaptation of the GABA(A) receptor complex during pregnancy and after delivery in the rat brain. Eur J Neurosci. 1998;10(9):2905–2912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanna E, Mostallino MC, Murru L, et al. Changes in expression and function of extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors in the rat hippocampus during pregnancy and after delivery. J Neurosci. 2009;29(6):1755–1765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggio G, Mostallino MC, Follesa P, et al. Gaba(a) receptor function and gene expression during pregnancy and postpartum. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2009;85:73–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting PJ, Bonnert TP, McKernan RM, et al. Molecular and functional diversity of the expanding GABA-A receptor gene family. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;868:645–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keyes KM, Cheslack-Postava K, Westhoff C, et al. Association of hormonal contraceptive use with reduced levels of depressive symptoms: a national study of sexually active women in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(9):1378–1388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovlund C, Morch LS, Kessing LV, et al. Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2016;73(11):1154–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skovlund CW, Morch LS, Kessing LV, et al. Association of hormonal contraception with suicide attempts and suicides. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(4):336–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Lopez FR, Perez-Roncero GR, Lopez-Baena MT, et al. Hormonal contraceptives and the risk of suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2020;251:28–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toffol E, Heikinheimo O, Koponen P, et al. Hormonal contraception and mental health: results of a population-based study. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(11):3085–3093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendal G, Berk M, Pasco JA, et al. The use of hormonal contraceptive agents and mood disorders in women. J Affect Disord. 2012;140(1):92–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akerlund M, Rode A, Westergaard J. Comparative profiles of reliability, cycle control and Side-Effects of 2 or Al contraceptive formulations containing 150 Mu-G desogestrel and either 30 Mu-G or 20 Mu-G ethinyl estradiol. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993;100(9):832–838.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker A, Bancroft J. Relationship between premenstrual symptoms and oral-contraceptive use - a controlled-study. Psychosom Med. 1990;52(1):86–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffee AL, Kuehl TJ, Willis S, et al. Oral contraceptives and premenstrual symptoms: comparison of a 21/7 and extended regimen. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(5):1311–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez LM, Grimes DA, Gallo MF, et al. Skin patch and vaginal ring versus combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2013;2013(4):CD003552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahnazi M, Khalili AF, Kochaksaraei FR, et al. A comparison of second and third generations combined oral contraceptive pills’ effect on mood. Iran Red Crescent Me. 2014;16(8):e13628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein J, Yu HT, Wade S, et al. Effect of an oral contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and drospirenone on premenstrual symptomatology and health-related quality of life. J Reprod Med. 2003;48(2):79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluchino N, Lenzi E, Casarosa E, et al. Dydrogesterone increases allopregnanolone in selected brain areas and in serum of female rats. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(5 Suppl):1384–1389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pluchino N, Lenzi E, Merlini S, et al. Selective effect of chlormadinone acetate on brain allopregnanolone and opioids content. Contraception. 2009;80(1):53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genazzani AR, Pluchino N, Begliuomini S, et al. Drospirenone increases Central and peripheral beta-endorphin in ovariectomized female rats. Menopause. 2007;14(1):63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaiber EL, Broverman DM, Vogel W, et al. Individual differences in changes in mood and platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity during hormonal replacement therapy in menopausal women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1996;21(7):575–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoletti AM, Lello S, Fratta S, et al. Psychological effect of the oral contraceptive formulation containing 3 mg of drospirenone plus 30 mu g of ethinyl estradiol. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(3):645–651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoncini T, Mannella P, Fornari L, et al. Differential signal transduction of progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in human endothelial cells. Endocrinology. 2004;145(12):5745–5756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licheri V, Talani G, Gorule AA, et al. Plasticity of GABAA receptors during pregnancy and postpartum period: from gene to function. Neural Plast. 2015;2015:170435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Follesa P, Porcu P, Sogliano C, et al. Changes in GABA(A) receptor gamma 2 subunit gene expression induced by long-term administration of oral contraceptives in rats. Neuropharmacology. 2002;42(3):325–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segebladh B, Borgstrom A, Odlind V, et al. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders and premenstrual dysphoric symptoms in patients with experience of adverse mood during treatment with combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2009;79(1):50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber JC, Heskamp M-LS, Schramm GAK. Effect of an oral contraceptive with chlormadinone acetate on depressive mood analysis of data from four observational studies. Clin Drug Investig. 2008;28(12):783–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harlow BL, Wise LA, Otto MW, et al. Depression and its influence on reproductive endocrine and menstrual cycle markers associated with perimenopause - The Harvard study of moods and cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(1):29–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LS, Soares CN, Vitonis AF, et al. Risk for new onset of depression during the menopausal transition - The Harvard study of moods and cycles. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(4):385–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer DW, Barbieri RL, Fraer AR, et al. Determinants of early follicular phase gonadotrophin and estradiol concentrations in women of late reproductive age. Hum Reprod. 2002;17(1):221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon JL, Girdler SS, Meltzer-Brody SE, et al. Ovarian hormone fluctuation, neurosteroids, and HPA axis dysregulation in perimenopausal depression: a novel heuristic model. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(3):227–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon JL, Rubinow DR, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, et al. Estradiol variability, stressful life events, and the emergence of depressive symptomatology during the menopausal transition. Menopause. 2016;23(3):257–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleason CE, Dowling NM, Wharton W, et al. Effects of hormone therapy on cognition and mood in recently postmenopausal women: findings from the randomized, controlled KEEPS-cognitive and affective study. PLoS Med. 2015;12(6):e1001833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon JL, Rubinow DR, Eisenlohr-Moul TA, et al. Efficacy of transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone in the prevention of depressive symptoms in the menopause transition a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018;75(2):149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger JT, Meyer PM, Kravitz HM, et al. Psychologic distress and natural menopause: a multiethnic community study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91(9):1435–1442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger JT, Matthews KA, Schott LL, et al. Depressive symptoms during the menopausal transition: the study of women’s health across the nation (SWAN). J Affect Disord. 2007;103(1–3):267–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh WK, Bromberger JT, Crawford SL, et al. Lifelong estradiol exposure and risk of depressive symptoms during the transition to menopause and postmenopause. Menopause. 2017;24(12):1351–1359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromberger JT, Kravitz HM, Youk A, et al. Patterns of depressive disorders across 13 years and their determinants among midlife women: SWAN mental health study. J Affect Disord. 2016;206:31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Liu L, et al. Hormones and menopausal status as predictors of depression in women in transition to menopause. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(1):62–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Boorman DW, et al. Longitudinal pattern of depressive symptoms around natural menopause. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(1):36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Grisso JA, et al. Hot flashes in the late reproductive years: risk factors for African American and Caucasian women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2001;10(1):67–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Freeman EW, Sammel MD, Lin H, et al. Symptoms associated with menopausal transition and reproductive hormones in midlife women. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110(2 Pt 1):230–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman EW. Depression in the menopause transition: risks in the changing hormone milieu as observed in the general population. Womens Midlife Health. 2015;1:2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joffe H, Petrillo LF, Koukopoulos A, et al. Increased estradiol and improved sleep, but not hot flashes, predict enhanced mood during the menopausal transition. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2011;96(7):E1044–E1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLennan AH, Henderson VW, Paine BJ, et al. Hormone therapy, timing of initiation, and cognition in women aged older than 60 years: the REMEMBER pilot study. Menopause. 2006;13(1):28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong K, Schwartz JS, Randall T, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and life expectancy after prophylactic oophorectomy in women with BRCA1/2 mutations: a decision analysis. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(6):1045–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca WA, Grossardt BR, Geda YE, et al. Long-term risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms after early bilateral oophorectomy. Menopause. 2008;15(6):1050–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca WA, Gazzuola Rocca L, Smith CY, et al. Cohort profile: the Mayo clinic cohort study of oophorectomy and aging-2 (MOA-2) in Olmsted County, Minnesota (USA). BMJ Open. 2017;7(11):e018861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeydan B, Tosakulwong N, Schwarz CG, et al. Association of bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy before menopause onset with medial temporal lobe neurodegeneration. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(1):95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar