Combined oral contraceptives: update recommendations of the Latin American contraceptive association

References

• Altshuler AL, Gaffield ME, Kiarie JN. The WHO’s medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use: 20 years of global guidance. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015;27(6):1–6. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George JT, Anderson RA, Millar RP. Kisspeptin-10 stimulation of gonadotrophin secretion in women is modulated by sex steroid feedback. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(12):3552–3559. doi: 10.1093/humrep/des326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speroff L, Fritz M. Anticoncepción hormonal en Endocrinología Ginecológica Clínica y Esterilidad. 7ma edición en Inglés. 72 edición en Español. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. p. 861–948.
   Google Scholar
• ACOG Practice Bulletin. No110: noncontraceptive uses of hormonal contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115(1):206–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westhoff CL, Heartwell S, Edwards S, et al. Oral contraceptive discontinuation: do side effects matter? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(4):412.e1–412.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2006.12.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulkedid R, Abdoul H, Loustau M, et al. Using and reporting the Delphi method for selecting healthcare quality indicators: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e20476. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltz AM, Hampson E, Berenbaum SA. Oral contraceptives and cognition: a role for ethinyl estradiol. Horm Behav. 2015;74:209–217. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leo V, Musacchio MC, Cappelli V, et al. Hormonal contraceptives: pharmacology tailored to women’s health. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(5):634–646. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmw016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christin-Maitre S. History of oral contraceptive drugs and their use worldwide. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(1):3–12.   doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanczyk FZ, Archer DF, Bhavnani BR. Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment. Contraception. 2013;87(6):706–727. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.12.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios S, Wildt L, Parke S, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel oral contraceptive based on oestradiol (oestradiol valerate/dienogest): a phase III trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;149(1):57–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2009.11.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour D, Verhoeven C, Sommer W, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a monophasic combined oral contraceptive containing nomegestrol acetate and 17β-oestradiol in a 24/4 regimen, in comparison to an oral contraceptive containing ethinylestradiol and drospirenone in a 21/7 regimen. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2011;16(6):430–443. doi: 10.3109/13625187.2011.614029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fruzzetti F, Fidecicchi T, Montt Guevara MM, et al. Estetrol: a new choice for contraception. J Clin Med. 2021;10(23):5625. doi: 10.3390/jcm10235625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schindler AE, Campagnoli C, Druckmann R, et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas. 2003;46(Suppl 1):S7–S16. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachnit-Fixson U. The role of triphasic levonorgestrel in oral contraception: a review of metabolic and hemostatic effects. Gynecol Endocrinol. 1996;10(3):207–218. doi: 10.3109/09513599609027990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone SC. Desogestrel. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1995;38(4):821–828. doi: 10.1097/00003081-199538040-00017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhl H, Jung-Hoffmann C, Wiegratz I. Gestodene-containing contraceptives. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1995;38(4):829–840. doi: 10.1097/00003081-199538040-00018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann F, Töpert M. Pharmacology of antiandrogens. J Steroid Biochem. 1986; Nov25(5B):885–895. doi: 10.1016/0022-4731(86)90320-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raudrant D, Rabe T. Progestogens with antiandrogenic properties. Drugs. 2003;63(5):463–492. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200363050-00003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krattenmacher R. Drospirenone: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of a unique progestogen. Contraception. 2000;62(1):29–38. doi: 10.1016/s0010-7824(00)00133-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster RH, Wilde MI. Dienogest. Drugs. 1998;56(5):825–833. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199856050-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan X, Seeger H, Mueck AO. The pharmacology of nomegestrol acetate. Maturitas. 2012;71(4):345–353. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastianelli C, Farris M, Rosato E, et al. Pharmacodynamics of combined estrogen-progestin oral contraceptives: 1. Effects on metabolism. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2017;10(3):315–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagnacci A, Ferrari S, Tirelli A, et al. Insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism with oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate or desogestrel: a randomized trial. Contraception. 2009;79(2):111–116. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.09.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprio M, Antelmi A, Chetrite G, et al. Antiadipogenic effects of the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist drospirenone: potential implications for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Endocrinology. 2011;152(1):113–125. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-0674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinger J, Do Minh T, Heinemann K. Impact of estrogen type on cardiovascular safety of combined oral contraceptives. Contraception. 2016;94(4):328–339. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2016.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dragoman MV, Tepper NK, Fu R, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of venous thrombosis risk among users of combined oral contraception. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2018;141(3):287–294. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro S, Dinger J. Risk of venous thromboembolism among users of oral contraceptives: a review of two recently published studies. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2010;36(1):33–38. doi: 10.1783/147118910790291037.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinger J. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: old questions revisited. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care. 2009;35(4):211–213. doi: 10.1783/147118909789587385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gierisch JM, Coeytaux RR, Urrutia RP, et al. Oral contraceptive use and risk of breast, cervical, colorectal, and endometrial cancers: a systematic review. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013;22(11):1931–1943. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanadys W, Barańska A, Malm M, et al. Use of oral contraceptives as a potential risk factor for breast cancer: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control studies up to 2010. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4638. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mørch LS, Skovlund CW, Hannaford PC, et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(23):2228–2239. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1700732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roura E, Travier N, Waterboer T, et al. The influence of hormonal factors on the risk of developing cervical cancer and Pre-Cancer: results from the EPIC cohort. PLoS One. 2016;11(1):e0147029. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longatto-Filho A, Hammes LS, Sarian LO, et al. Hormonal contraceptives and the length of their use are not independent risk factors for high-risk HPV infections or high-grade CIN. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2011;71(2):93–103. doi: 10.1159/000320742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen L, Fielding S, Lidegaard Ø, et al. Contemporary hormonal contraception and cervical cancer in women of reproductive age. Int J Cancer. 2021;149(4):769–777. doi: 10.1002/ijc.33585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley LD, Gueye NA. The medical management of abnormal uterine bleeding in reproductive-aged women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(1):31–44. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.07.044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillard PA. Menstrual suppression: current perspectives. Int J Womens Health. 2014;6:631–637. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S46680.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gallo MF, Lopez LM, Grimes DA, et al. Combination contraceptives: effects on weight. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;2014(1):CD003987.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bitzer J, Paoletti AM. Added benefits and user satisfaction with a low-dose oral contraceptive containing drospirenone: results of three multicentre trials. Clin Drug Investig. 2009;29(2):73–78. doi: 10.2165/0044011-200929020-00001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risser WL, Gefter LR, Barratt MS, et al. Weight change in adolescents who used hormonal contraception. J Adolesc Health. 1999;24(6):433–436. doi: 10.1016/s1054-139x(98)00151-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meade TW. Risk and mechanism of cardiovascular events in users of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1988;158(6 Pt 2):1646–1652. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(88)90203-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilde MI, Balfour JA. Gestodene. A review of its pharmacology, efficacy and tolerability in combined contraceptive preparations. Drugs. 1995;50(2):364–395. doi: 10.2165/00003495-199550020-00010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios S, Lilue M. Función sexual femenina y anticoncepción hormonal. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2020;88(Supl 1):S178–S188.
   Google Scholar
• Tracy EE. Contraception: menarche to menopause. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2017;44(2):143–158. doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2017.02.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burness CB. Extended-Cycle levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol and low-dose ethinylestradiol (seasonique(®)): a review of its use as an oral contraceptive. Drugs. 2015; Jun75(9):1019–1026. doi: 10.1007/s40265-015-0407-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios S, Regidor PA, Colli E, et al. Oestrogen-free oral contraception with a 4 mg drospirenone-only pill: new data and a review of the literature. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2020;25(3):221–227. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2020.1743828.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar