References
- World Health Organization. Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series 843.
- Consensus Development Conference. Diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 1993;94:646–50
- Gambacciani M, Spinetti A, De Simone L, et al. The relative contributions of menopause and aging to postmenopausal vertebral osteopenia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993;77:1148–51
- Gambacciani M, Spinetti A, De Simone L, et al. Postmenopausal bone loss of the proximal femur: estimated contributions of menopause and aging. Menopause 1995;2:169–74
- Gambacciani M, Spinetti A, Taponeco F, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of perimenopausal vertebral bone loss: effects of a low-dose oral contraceptive preparation on bone mineral density and metabolism. Obstet Gynecol 1994;83:392–6
- Mosekilde L, Beck-Nielsen H, Sorensen OH, et al. Hormonal replacement therapy reduces forearm fracture incidence in recent postmenopausal women — results of the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. Maturitas 2000;36:181–93
- Torgerson DJ, Bell-Syer SE. Hormone replacement therapy and prevention of nonvertebral fractures: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Med Assoc 2001;285:2891–7
- Tax L, Goorissen EM, Kicovic PM. Clinical profile of Org OD 14. Maturitas 1987;1: 3–13
- Genazzani AR, Benedek-Jaszmann 14, Hart DM, et al. Org OD 14 and the endometrium. Maturitas 1991; 13:243–51
- Moore RA Livial: a review of clinical studies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999;106:1–21
- Rymer J, Robinson J, Fogelman I, et al. Livial prevents postmenopausal bone loss — 8 years follow-up. Climacteric 1999;2:313
- Bjarnason N, Bjarnason K, Haarbo J, et al. Tibolone: prevention of bone loss in late postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2419–22
- Berning B, Kuijk C, Kuiper J, et al. Effects of two doses of tibolone on trabecular and cortical bone loss in early postmenopausal women: a two-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Bone 1996; 19:395–9
- Greene JG. Constructing a standard climacteric scale. Maturitas 1998;29:25–31
- Gambacciani M, Ciaponi M, Cappagli B, et al. Effects of low-dose, continuous combined conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on menopausal symptoms, body weight, bone density and metabolism in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1180–5
- Wills M, Odegaard K, Persson U, et al. A cost-effectiveness model of tibolone as treatment for the prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmeno-pausal women in Sweden. Clin Drug Invest 2001; 21:115–27
- Sins ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. J Am Med Assoc 2001;286:2815-22, 2865–6
- Gallagher JC, Baylink DJ, Freeman R, et al. Prevention of bone loss with tibolone in postmeno-pausal women: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4717–26
- Melton 14 III, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, et al. Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res 1993;8:1227–33
- Wasnich RD, Miller PD. Antifracture efficacy of antiresorptive agents are related to changes in bone density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:231–6
- Cauley JA, Zmuda JM, Ensrud KE, et al. Timing of estrogen replacement therapy for optimal osteo-porosis prevention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:5700–5