Menopause and dry eye. A possible relationship

References

• Dohlman CH, Lemp MA, English FP. Dry eye syndromes. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1970;10:215–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. Epidemiology of dry eye syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506(Pt B):989–98.
   Google Scholar
• Hodges RR, Dam DA. Regulatory pathways in lacrimal gland epithelium. Int Rev Cytol 2003;231:129–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren DW. Hormonal influences on the lachrimal gland. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1994;34:19–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sullivan DA. Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye. In: Freir S, editor. The neuroendocrine-immune network. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1990. pp 199–237.
   Google Scholar
• Dam DA. Physiology of tear production. In: Lemp MA, Marquardt R, editors. The dry eye: A comprehensive guide. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1992. pp 221–43.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng SC, Tsubota K. Important concepts for treating ocular surface and tear disorders. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:825–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishida T. Cornea. In: Krachmer J, Mannis M, Holland E, editors. Cornea, volume 1. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1997. pp 22–40.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson J, Cameron J. The conjunctiva. In: Krachmer J, Mannis M, Holland E, editors. Cornea, volume 1. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 1997. pp 41–57.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe H, Fabricant M, Tisdale AS. Human corneal and conjunctival epithelia produce a mucin-like glycoprotein for the apical surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:337–44.
   Google Scholar
• Doane MG. Blinking and the mechanics of the lachrymal drainage system. Ophthalmology 1981;88:844–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng SCG. Regulation and clinical implications of corneal epithelial stem cells. Mol Biol Rep 1996;23:47–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fini ME. Keratocyte and fibroblast phenotypes in the repairing cornea. Prog Retin Eye Res 1999;18:529–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaumberg DA, Sullivan DA, Buring JE, Dana MR. Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:318–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia EM, Mitchell P, Rochtchina E, Lee AJ, Maroun R, Wang H. Prevalence and associations of dry eye syndrome in an older population: the Blue Mountain Eye Study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003;31:229–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin PY, Tsai SY, Cheng CY, Chou P, Hsu WM. Prevalence of dry eye among an elderly Chinese population in Taiwan: the Shihpai Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2003;110:1096–101.
   Google Scholar
• Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Prevalence and risk factors for dry eye syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:1264–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schein OD, Munoz B, Tielsch JM, Bandeen-Roche K, West S. Prevalence of dry eye among the elderly. Am J Ophthalmol 1997;124:723–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemp MA. Report of the National Eye Institute/Industry Workshop on Clinical Trials in Dry Eyes. CLAO J 1995;21:221–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Versura P, Maltarello MC, Caramazza R, Laschi R. Mucus alteration and eye dryness. A possible relationship. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1989;67:455–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Versura P, Profazio V, Cellini M, Torreggiani A, Caramazza R. Eye discomfort and air pollution. Ophthalmologica 1999;213:103–9.
   Google Scholar
• McMonnies CW, Ho A. Patient history in screening for dry eye conditions. J Am Optom Assoc 1987;58:296–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiffman R1\4, Christianson MD, Jacobsen G, Hirsch JD, Reis BL. Reliability and validity of the Ocular Surface Disease Index. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:615–21.
   Google Scholar
• Brignole F, Pisella PJ, Goldschild M, De Saint Jean M, Goguel A, Baudouin C. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory markers in conjunctival epithelial cells of patients with dry eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2000;41:1356–63.
   Google Scholar
• Stern ME, Gao J, Schwalb TA, Ngo M, Tieu DD, Chan CC, Reis BL, Whitcup SM, Thompson D, Smith JA. Conjuncti-val T-cell subpopulations in Sjogren's and non Sjogren's patients with dry eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43:2609–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinarello CA. Proinflammatory cytokines. Chest 2000;118: 503–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon A, Dursun D, Liu Z, Xie Y, Macri A, Pflugfelder SC. Pro- and anti-inflammatory forms of interleukin-1 in the tear fluid and conjunctiva of patients with dry-eye disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:2283–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li DQ, Lokeshwar BL, Solomon A, Monroy D, Ji Z, Pflugfelder SC. Regulation of MMP-9 production by human corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2001;73:449–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith VA, Rishmawi H, Hussein H, Easty DL. Tear film MNIP accumulation and corneal disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2001;85:147–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behaviour. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2001;17:463–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao J, Schwalb TA, Addeo JV, Ghosn CR, Stern ME. The role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of canine keratocon-junctivitis sicca: the effect of topical cyclosporin A therapy. Cornea 1998:17:654–63.
   Google Scholar
• Brignole F, De Saint-Jean M, Goldschild M, Becquet F, Goguel A, Baudouin C. Expression of Fas-Fas ligand antigens and apoptotic marker AP02.7 by the human conjunctival epithelium. Positive correlation with class II HLA DR expression in inflammatory ocular disorders. Exp Eye Res 1998;67: 687–97.
   Google Scholar
• Rosette C, Karin M. Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress: activation of the JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 1996;274:1194–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prause JU. Clinical ophthalmological tests for the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Chin Exp Rheumatol 1989; 7:141–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouboulis CC. Human skin: an independent peripheral endocrine organ. Horm Res 2000;54:230–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brincat M, Moniz CJ, Studd JW, Darby A, Magos A, Emburey G, Versi E. Long-term effects of the menopause and sex hormones on skin thickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:256–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bolognia JL, Braverman IM, Rousseau ME, Sarrel PM. Skin changes in menopause. Maturitas 1989;11:295–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raine-Fenning NJ, Brincat MP, Muscat-Baron Y. Skin aging and menopause: implications for treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003;4:371–8.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang XH, Sun HM, Ji J, Zhang H. Sex hormones and their receptors in patients with age-related cataract. J Cataract Refract Surg 2003;29:71–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haimovici R, Rumelt S, Melby J. Endocrine abnormalities in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy. Ophthalmol-ogy 2003;110:698–703.
   Google Scholar
• Baldi A, Campos E. Patologie oculari da carenza di estrogeni. In: Gennazzani AR, Zichella L, Petraglia F, editors. Menopausa: il punto. Roma: CIC Edizioni Internazionali; 1997. pp 111–14.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan A, Baum J. Basic tear flow. Does it exist? Ophthal-mology 1980;87:920–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelleher RS, Hann LE. Hormonal influence on the secretory immune system of the eye: endocrine impact on the lachrymal gland accumulation and secretion of IgA and IgG. J Steroid Biochem; 34:253–59.
   Google Scholar
• Kelleher RS, Hann LE, Edwards JA, Sullivan DA. Endo-crine, neural and immune control of secretory component output by lachrimal gland acinar cells. J Immunol 1991;146:3405–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr BR. Disorders of the ovaries and female reproductive tract. In: Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1998. pp 776–7.
   Google Scholar
• Labrie F, Belanger A, Cusan L, Gomez JL, Candas B. Marked decline in serum concentrations of adrenal C19 sex steroid precursors and conjugated androgen metabolites during aging. J Chin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82: 2396–402.
   Google Scholar
• Smith JA, Vitale S, Reed GF, Grieshaber SA, Goodman LA, Vanderhoof VH, Calis KA, Nelson LM. Dry eye signs and symptoms in women with premature ovarian failure. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:151–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schechter JE, Pidgeon M, Chang D, Fong YC, Trousdale MD, Chang N. Potential role of disrupted lachrimal acinar cells in dry eye during pregnancy. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506(Pt A):153–7.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchsjager-Mayrl G, Nepp J, Schneeberger C, Sator M, Dietrich W, Wedrich A, Huber J, Tschugguel W. Identifica-tion of estrogen and progesterone receptor mRNA expression in the conjunctiva of premenopausal women. Invest Ophthal-mol Vis Sci 2002;43:2841–4.
   Google Scholar
• Vecsei PV, Kircher K, Kaminski S, Nagel G, Breitenecker G, Kohlberger PD. Immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptor in human cornea. Maturitas 2000;36:169–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaeli B, Harvey JT, Hewlett B. Immunohistochemical evidence for estrogen receptors in meibomian glands. Ophthalmology 2000;107:180–4.
   Google Scholar
• Auw-Haedrich C, Feltgen N. Estrogen receptor expression in meibomian glands and its correlation with age and dry-eye parameters. Graefes Arch Chin Exp Ophthalmol 2003;241:705–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gans LA, Lee SF, Lemp MA, Pepose JS. Estrogen and progesterone receptors and human conjunctiva. Am J Ophthalmol 1990;15:474–7.
   Google Scholar
• Wied GL, Bibbo M. Hormonal cytology. In: Bibbo M, editor. Comprehensive cytopathology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 1991. pp 85–114.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer P, Lublin V, Potter W, Jacobs M, Labay G, Silverman P. Cyclic changes in conjunctival smears from menstruating females. Ophthalmology 1990;97:303–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatlipinar S, Gedik S, Irkec M, Orhan M, Erdener U. Ocular ferning during the menstrual cycle in healthy women. Eur J Ophthalmol 2001;11:15–18.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman F, Bain J, Matuk AR. Daily assessment of ocular and hormonal variables throughout the menstrual cycle. Arch Ophthalmol 1978;96:1835–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan DA, Block L, Pena DJ. Influence of androgens and pituitary profile and secretory activity of the lachrymal gland. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1996;74:421–5.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki T, Schaumberg DA, Sullivan BD, Liu M, Richards SM, Sullivan RM, Dana MR, Sullivan DA. Do estrogen and progesterone play a role in the dry eye of Sjogren's syndrome? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;966:223–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DA, Belanger A, Cermak JM, Berube R, Papas AS, Sullivan RM, Yamagami H, Dana MR, Labrie F. Are women with Sjogren's syndrome androgen-deficient? J Rheumatol 2003;30:2413–19.
   Google Scholar
• Azzarolo AM, Wood RL,, Mircheff AK, Richters A, Olsen E, Berkowitz M, Bachmann M, Huang ZM, Zolfagari R, Warren DW. Androgen influence on lachrimal gland apoptosis, necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999;40:592–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC. The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lachrimal glands. Cornea 1998;17:584–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krenzer KL, Dana MR, Ullman MD, Cermak JM, Tolls DB, Evans JE, Sullivan DA. Effect of androgen deficiency on the human meibomian gland and ocular surface. J Chin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:4874–82.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan DA, Sullivan BD, Evans JE, Schirra F, Yamagami H, Liu M, Richards SM, Suzuki T, Schaumberg DA, Sullivan RM, et al. Androgen deficiency, Meibomian gland dysfunction, and evaporative dry eye. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002;966:211–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak JM, Krenzer KL,, Sullivan RM, Dana MR, Sullivan DA. Is incomplete androgen insensitivity syndrome asso-ciated with alterations in the meibomian gland and ocular surface? Cornea 2003;22:516–21.
   Google Scholar
• Baudouin C. The pathology of dry eye. Surv Ophthalmol 2001;45(Suppl 2):S211–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DA, Wickham LA, Rocha EM, Kelleher RS, da Silveira LA, Toda I. Influence of gender, sex steroid hormones and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis on the structure and function of the lacrimal gland. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:11–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha EM, Wickham LA, da Silveira LA, Krenzer KL,, Yu FS, Toda I, Sullivan BD, Sullivan DA. Identification of androgen receptor protein and 5a-reductase mRNA in human ocular tissues. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:76–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DA, Allansmith MR. Hormonal modulation of tear volume in the rat. Exp Eye Res 1986;42:131–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan DA, Edwards J. Androgen stimulation of lachrymal gland function in mouse models of Sjogren's syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;60:237–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worda C, Nepp J, Huber JC, Sator MO. Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca with topical androgen. Maturitas 2001;37:209–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barabino S, Rolando M, Camicione P, Ravera G, Zanardi S, Giuffrida S, Calabria G. Systemic linoleic and y-linolenic acid therapy in dry eye syndrome with an inflammatory component. Cornea 2003;22:97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Tsifetaki N, Kitsos G, Paschides CA, Alamanos Y, Eftaxias V, Voulgari PV, Psilas K, Drosos AA. Oral pilocarpine for the treatment of ocular symptoms in patients with Sjögren's syndrome: a randomised 12 week controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:1204–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobbels M, Selbach J, Spitznas M. Effect of eledoisin on tear volume and tear flow in humans as assessed by fluoropho-tometry. Graefes Arch Chin Exp Ophthalmol 1991;229:549–52.
   Google Scholar
• Versura P, Cellini M, Torreggiani A, Profazio V, Bernabini B, Caramazza R. Dryness symptoms, diagnostic protocol and therapeutic management: a report on 1,200 patients. Ophthalmic Res 2001;33:221–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murube J, Paterson A, Murube E. Classification of artificial tears. I: Composition and properties. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:693–704.
   Google Scholar
• Murube J, Murube A, Zhuo C. Classification of artificial tears. II: Additives and commercial formulas. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998;438:705–15.
   Google Scholar
• Brignole F, Pisella PJ, De Saint Jean M, Goldschild M, Goguel A, Baudouin C. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory markers in KCS: 6-month treatment with topical cyclosporin A. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42: 90–5.
   Google Scholar
• Plugfelder SC. Anti-inflammatory therapy of dry eye. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;137:337–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keating NL, Cleary PD, Rossi AS, Zaslavsky AM, Ayanian JZ. Use of hormone replacement therapy by postmenopausal women in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:545–53.
   Google Scholar
• Belchetz PE. Hormonal treatment of postmenopausal wo-men. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1062–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the post-menopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. J Am Med Assoc 1996;276:1389–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: the PEPI trial. J Am Med Assoc 1995;273:199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Manson JE, Joffe M, Rosner B, Fuchs C, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1769–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavani A, La Vecchia C. The adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy. Drugs Aging 1999;14:347–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers WD, Stovall D, Lane JA, Zimmerman MB, Johnson S. Menopause and tear function: the influence of prolactin and sex hormones on human tear function. Cornea 1998;17:353–8.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen AA, Higginbotham EJ, Guzinski GM, Davis IL, Ellish NJ. A survey of ocular complaints in postmenopausal women J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 2000;11:44–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathers WD, Dolney AM, Kraemer D. The effect of hormone replacement therapy on the symptoms and physio-logic parameters of dry eye. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002;506(Pt B):1017–22.
   Google Scholar
• Lang Y, Lang N, Ben-Ami M, Garzozi H. The effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the human eye. Harefuah 2002;141:287–91.
   Google Scholar
• Guaschino S, Grimaldi E, Sartore A, Mugittu R, Mangino F, Bortoli P, Pensiero S, Vinciguerra A, Perissutti P. Visual function in menopause: the role of hormone replacement therapy. Menopause 2003;10:53–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Affinito P, Di Spiezio Sardo A, Di Carlo C, Sammartino A, Tommaselli GA, Bifulco G, Loffredo A, Loffredo M, Nappi C. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on ocular function in postmenopause. Menopause 2003;10:482–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altintas O, Caglar Y, Yuksel N, Demirci A, Karabas L. The effects of menopause and hormone replacement therapy on quality and quantity of tear, intraocular pressure and ocular blood flow. Ophthalmologica 2004;218:120–9.
   Google Scholar
• Pelit A, Bagis T, Kayaselcuk F, Dursun D, Akova Y, Aydin P. Tear function tests and conjunctival impression cytology before and after hormone replacement therapy in postmeno-pausal women. Eur J Ophthalmol 2003;13:337–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okon A, Jurowski P, Gos R. The influence of the hormonal replacement therapy on the amount and stability of the tear film among pen- and postmenopausal women. Klin Oczna 2001;103:177–81.
   Google Scholar
• Vavilis D, Agorastos T, Vakiani M, Jafetas J, Panidis D, Konstantinidis T, Bontis J. The effect of transdermal estradiol on the conjunctiva in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1997;72:93–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sator MO, Joura EA, Golaszewski T, Gruber D, Frigo P, Metka M, Hommer A, Huber JC. Treatment of menopausal keratoconjunctivitis sicca with topical oestradiol. Br J Obstetr Gynaecol 1998;105:100–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nathanson JA, McKee M. Identification of an extensive system of nitric oxide-producing cells in the ciliary muscle and outflow pathway of the human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995;36:1765–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrington DM, Klein KP. Cardiovascular trials of estrogen replacement therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;949:153–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tjonneland A, Christensen J, Thomsen BL, Olsen A, Overvad K, Ewertz M, Mellemkjaer L. Hormone replace-ment therapy in relation to breast carcinoma incidence rate ratios: a prospective Danish cohort study. Cancer 2004;100:2328–37.
   Google Scholar
• Schaumberg DA, Buring JE, Sullivan DA, Dana MR. Hormone replacement therapy and dry eye syndrome. J Am Med Assoc 2001;286:2114–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson CM, Lesher JL Jr, Davis LS. Dry eye syndrome in postmenopausal women. J Am Med Assoc 2002;287:585–6.
   Google Scholar
• Barney NP. Can hormone replacement therapy cause dry eye? Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:641–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar