Metformin in normal-weight hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome with normal insulin sensitivity

References

• Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 853–861
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang R J, Nakamura R M, Judd H L, Kaplan S A. Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 356–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestler J E, Barlascini C, Matt D W, Clore J N, Blackard W G. Suppression of serum insulin levels by diazoxide reduces serum testosterone levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 1027–1032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiddy D S, Hamilton-Fairley D, Bush A, Short F, Anyaoku W, Reed M J, Franks S. Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 36: 105–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghetti P, Castello R, Negri C, Tosi F, Perrone F, Caputo M, Zanolin E, Muggeo M. Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000; 85: 139–146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogeneses. Endocr Rev 1997; 18: 774–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson R A, Hawa M I, Jaspan J B, Sim B M, Disilvio L, Featherbe D, Kurtz A B. Mechanism of metformin action in non-insulin dependent diabetes. Diabetes 1987; 36: 632–640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez E M, Mendoza S, Hamer T, Sosa F, Gluek C J. Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism 1994; 43: 647–654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harborne L, Fleming R, Lyll H, Norman J, Settar N. Descriptive review of the evidence for the use of metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet 2003; 31: 1894–1901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Leo V, la Marca A, Petraglia F. Insulin-lowering agents in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 633–667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onalan G, Goktolga U, Ceyhan T, Bagis T, Onalan R, Pabuccu R. Predictive value of glucose – insulin ratio in PCOS and profile of women who will benefit from metformin therapy: obese, lean, hyper or normoinsulinemic?. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 123: 204–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrbikova J, Hill M, Starka L, Vondra K. Prediction of the effect of metformin treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Obst Invest 2002; 53: 100–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin-Papunen L C, Koivunen R M, Ruokonen A, Martikainen H K. Metformin therapy improves the menstrual pattern with minimal endocrine and metabolic effects in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1998; 64: 691–696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt S, Schwarzmann N, Henschel V, Germeyer A, von Wolf M, Hamann A, Strowitzki T. Early effects of metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91: 946–952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews D R, Hosker J P, Rudenski A S, Naylor B A, Treacher D F, Turner R C. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985; 28: 412–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferriman D, Gallwey J D. Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961; 21: 1440–1445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Second report on diabetes mellitus. WHO, Geneva 1980, Technical report series no. 646
   Google Scholar
• Ghiringhello M T, Vieira J GH, Tachibana T T, Ferrer C, Maciel R MB, Amioka P HC, Hauache O M, de Oliveira C H, Khawali C, Reis A F. Distribution of HOMA-IR in Brazilian subjects with different body mass indexes. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2006; 50: 573–574
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dean A G, Arner T G, Sangam S, Sunki G G, Friedman R, Lantinga M, Zubieta J C, Sullivan K M, Smith D C. Epi Info 2000, a database and statistical program for public health professionals for use on Windows 95, 98, NT, and 2000 computers. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 2000
   Google Scholar
• Baillargeon J P, Jakubowicz D J, Iuorno M J, Jakubowicz S, Nestler J E. Effects of metformin and rosiglitazone, alone and in combination, in nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal indices of insulin sensitivity. Fertil Steril 2004; 82: 893–902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K E, Tataryn I V, Sagle M. Use of metformin for ovulation induction in women who have polycystic ovary syndrome with and without evidence of insulin resistance. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2006; 28: 595–599
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maciel G A, Junior J M, da Mota E LA, Abi Haidar M, de Lima G R, Baracat E C. Nonobese women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond better than obese women to treatment with metformin. Fertil Steril 2004; 81: 355–360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollen N, Bailey C J. Inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis by metformin. Synergism with insulin. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37: 4353–4358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attia G R, Rainey W E, Carr B R. Metformin directly inhibits androgen production in human thecal cells. Fertil Steril 2001; 76: 517–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansfield R, Galea R, Brincat M, Hole D, Mason H. Metformin has direct effects on human ovarian steroidogenesis. Fertil Steril 2003; 79: 956–962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonntag B, Gotte M, Wulfing P, Schuring A N, Kiesel L, Greb R R. Metformin alters insulin signaling and viability of human granulosa cells. Fertil Steril 2005; 84(Suppl 2)1173–1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar