Therapeutic activities and the assimilation model: A preliminary exploratory study on the Insight stage

References

• American Psychological Association. (2013). Recognition of psychotherapy effectiveness. Psychotherapy, 50, 102–109. doi:10.1037/a0030276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avila Espada, A. (2004). Psicoterapia psicoanalítica: Principios conceptuales. Elementos técnicos. Aplicaciones [Psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Conceptual principles. Technical issues. Applications]. In A. Ávila Espada, B. Rojí Menchaca, & L. A. Saúl Gutierrez (Eds.), Introducción a los tratamientos psicodinámicos [Introduction to psychodinamic treatments] (pp. 361–398). Madrid: UNED.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, S. A., & Imel, Z. E. (2013). Therapist effects: Findings and methods. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 258–297). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.0171012003100410.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohart, A. C., & Wade, G. (2013). The client in psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfield’s handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 219–257). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bordin, E. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 16, 252–260. doi:10.1037/h008588510.1037/h0085885
   Google Scholar
• Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Spark, G. M. (1973). Invisible royalties: Reciprocity in intergenerational family therapy. Hagerstown, MD: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (1994). The practice of linguistic therapy of evaluation. Salamanca: Amarú.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (1999). La investigación de procesos: Análisis de tareas y cambio terapéutico en la terapia lingüística de evaluación [Process research: Task analysis and therapeutic change in linguistic therapy of evaluation]. Psicologemas, 25–26, Special Issue, 1–192.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2005). Linguistic therapy of evaluation. In A. Freeman, S. H. Felgoise, C. M. Nezu, A. M. Nezu, & M. A. Reinecke (Eds.), Encyclopedia of cognitive behavior therapy (pp. 233–236). New York, NY: Springer.10.1007/b99240
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2006a). The assimilation of problematic experiences in linguistic therapy of evaluation: How did María assimilate the experience of dizziness? Psychotherapy Research, 16, 422–435. doi:10.1080/1050330060075643610.1080/10503300600756436
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2006b). The assimilation of problematic experiences in the context of a therapeutic failure. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 436–452. doi:10.1080/1050330060074389710.1080/10503300600743897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2007). La asimilación de experiencias problemáticas en la terapia lingüística de evaluación: ¿Cómo asimiló María la sensación de ser una carga? [The assimilation of problematic experiences in linguistic therapy of evaluation: How did María assimilate the experience of being a burden?]. Boletín de Psicología, 89, 47–73.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2008). Assimilation of problematic experiences in linguistic therapy of evaluation: A case study. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 21, 151–172. doi:10.1080/1072053070185373510.1080/10720530701853735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2009). Convergence of voices: Assimilation in linguistic therapy of evaluation. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 16, 182–198. doi:10.1002/cpp.614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I., Neimeyer, R. A., & Newman, C. (2010). Theory and practice in the cognitive psychotherapies: Convergence and divergence. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 23, 65–83. doi:10.1080/1072053090340099610.1080/10720530903400996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2011a). El cambio terapéutico a través del modelo de asimilación: su aplicación en la terapia lingüística de evaluación [Therapeutic change through the assimilation model: Its application to linguistic therapy of evaluation]. Revista de Psicopatología y Psicología Clínica, 16, 169–188.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (2011b). Hacia una práctica eficaz de las psicoterapias cognitivas [Toward and efficacious practice of cognitive psychotherapies]. Bilbao: DDB.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I. (in press). The assimilation model: Theoretical and clinical implications from linguistic therapy of evaluation. Journal of Constructivist Psychology.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I., & Stiles, W. B. (2009). Retrocesos no contexto de terapia linguística de avaliaçâo [Setbacks in the context of linguistic therapy of evaluation]. Análise Psicologica, 2, 199–212.
   Google Scholar
• Caro Gabalda, I., & Stiles, W. B. (2013). Irregular assimilation progress: Reasons for setbacks in the context of linguistic therapy of evaluation. Psychotherapy Research, 23, 35–53. doi:10.1080/10503307.2012.72193810.1080/10503307.2012.721938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay, L. G. (2013). Psychotherapy outcome: An issue worth re-revisiting 50 years later. Psychotherapy, 50, 52–67. doi:10.1037/a003089810.1037/a0030898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay, L. G., & Hill, C. E. (Eds.). (2007). Insight in psychotherapy. Washington, DC: APA.
   Google Scholar
• Chambless, D. L., Sanderson, W. C., Shoham, V., Bennett Johnson, S., Pope, K. S., Crits-Christoph, P., … McCurry, S. (1996). An update on empirically validated therapies. The Clinical Psychologist, 49, 5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Cunha, C., Gonçalves, M. M., Hill, C. E., Mendes, I., Ribeiro, A. P., Sousa, I., Angus, L., & Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Therapist interventions and client innovative moments in emotion-focused therapy for depression. Psychotherapy, 49, 536–548. doi:10.1037/a002825910.1037/a0028259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detert, N. B., Llewelyn, S., Hardy, G. E., Barkham, M., & Stiles, W. B. (2006). Assimilation in good- and poor-outcome cases of very brief psychotherapy for mild depression: An initial comparison. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 393–407. doi:10.1080/1050330050029472810.1080/10503300500294728
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson, K. S., & Kazantzis, N. (2003). The therapist in cognitive-behavioral therapy: Introduction to a special section. Psychotherapy Research, 13, 131–134. doi:10.1080/71386963510.1080/713869635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eells, T. D. (1999). What do we know about master therapists? Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 8, 314–317.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldfried, M. R., & Davila, J. (2005). The role of relationship and technique in therapeutic change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 421–430. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.4.42110.1037/0033-3204.42.4.421
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, J. Z., Mosher, J. K., Stiles, W. B., & Greenberg, L. S. (2008). Speaking with the client’s voices: How a person-centered therapist used reflections to facilitate assimilation. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 7, 155–172. doi:10.1080/14779757.2008.968846210.1080/14779757.2008.9688462
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M. M., Caro Gabalda, I., Ribeiro, A. P., Pinheiro, P., Borges, R., & Stiles, W. B. (in press). Innovative moments coding system and assimilation of problematic experiences scale: A case study comparing two methods to track change in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research.
   Google Scholar
• Goodridge, D., & Hardy, G. E. (2009). Patterns of change in psychotherapy: An investigation of sudden gains in cognitive therapy using the assimilation model. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 114–123. doi:10.1080/1050330080254561110.1080/10503300802545611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosse Holtforth, M., Castonguay, L. G., Boswell, J. F., Wilson, L. A., Kakouros, A. A., & Borkovec, T. D. (2007). Insight in cognitive-behavioral therapy. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), Insight in psychotherapy (pp. 57–80). Washington, DC: APA.10.1037/11532-000
   Google Scholar
• Hermans, H. J. M. (1996). Voicing the self: From information processing to dialogical interchange. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 31–50. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3110.1037/0033-2909.119.1.31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermans, H. J. M., & Dimaggio, G. (Eds.). (2001). The dialogical self in psychotherapy. Hove: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E. (2004). Helping skills: Facilitating exploration, insight, and action. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/10624-000
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E. (2005). Therapist techniques, client involvement, and the therapeutic relationship: Inextricably intertwined in the therapy process. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 431–442. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.42.4.43110.1037/0033-3204.42.4.431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Castonguay, L. G., Angus, L., Arnkoff, D. A., Barber, J. P., Bohart, A. C., … Wampold, B. E. (2007). Insight in psychotherapy: Definitions, processes, consequences, and research directions. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), Insight in psychotherapy (pp. 441–454). Washington, DC: APA.10.1037/11532-000
   Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb, L., & Stiles, W. B. (1998). Reformulation of assimilation analysis in terms of voices. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 35, 23–33. doi:10.1037/h008768210.1037/h0087682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb, L., & Stiles, W. B. (2002). Assimilative integration and responsive use of the assimilation model. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 12, 406–420. doi:10.1037/-0479.12.4.406
   Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb, L., Stiles, W. B., Greenberg, L. S., & Goldman, R. (1998). Assimilation analysis of process-experiential psychotherapy: A comparison of two cases. Psychotherapy Research, 8, 264–286. doi:10.1080/10503309812331332387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honos-Webb, L., Surko, M., Stiles, W. B., & Greenberg, L. S. (1999). Assimilation of voices in psychotherapy: The case of Jan. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 448–460. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.46.4.44810.1037/0022-0167.46.4.448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A. E. (2009). Understanding how and why psychotherapy leads to change. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 418–428. doi:10.1080/1050330080244889910.1080/10503300802448899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korzybski, A. (1921). Manhood of humanity. New York, NY: Dutton.
   Google Scholar
• Korzybski, A. (1933). Science and sanity. An introduction to non-aristotelian systems and general semantics. Lakeville, CT: Institute of General Semantics.
   Google Scholar
• Korzybski, A. (1951). The role of language in the perceptual processes. In R. R. Blake & G. V. Ramsey (Eds.), Perception: An approach to personality (pp. 170–205). New York, NY: The Ronald Press.10.1037/11505-000
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (2013). Outcome in psychotherapy: The past and important advances. Psychotherapy, 50, 42–51. doi:10.1037/a003068210.1037/a0030682
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiman, M., & Stiles, W. B. (2001). Dialogical sequence analysis and the zone of proximal development as conceptual enhancements to the assimilation model: The case of Jan revisited. Psychotherapy Research, 11, 311–330. doi:10.1080/713663986
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meystre, C., Kramer, U., de Roten, Y., Despland, J. N., & Stiles, W. B. (in press). How psychotherapeutic exchanges become responsive: A theory-building case study in the framework of the assimilation model. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research. doi:10.1080/14733145.2013.782056
   Google Scholar
• Mosher, J. K., & Stiles, W. B. (2009). Clients’ assimilation of experiences of their therapists. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46, 432–447. doi:10.1037/a0017955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C. (Ed.). (2002). Psychotherapy relationships that work. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Okiishi, J., Lambert, M. J., Nielsen, S. L., & Ogles, B. M. (2003). Waiting for supershrink: An empirical analysis of therapist effects. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 10, 361–373. doi:10.1002/cpp.383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D. E. (2009). The “generic model of psychotherapy” after 25 years: Evolution of a research-based metatheory. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 19, 319–339. doi:10.1037/a001797310.1037/a0017973
   Google Scholar
• Osatuke, K., Glick, M. J., Stiles, W. B., Greenberg, L. S., Shapiro, D. A., & Barkham, M. (2005). Temporal patterns of improvement in client-centred therapy and cognitive-behaviour therapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18, 95–108. doi:10.1080/0951507050013690010.1080/09515070500136900
   Google Scholar
• Osatuke, K., Humphreys, C. L., Glick, M. J., Graff-Reed, R. L., McKenzie Mack, L., & Stiles, W. B. (2005). Vocal manifestations of internal multiplicity: Mary’s voices. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 78, 21–44. doi:10.1348/47608304X22364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osatuke, K., Mosher, J. K., Goldsmith, J. Z., Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., Hardy, G. E., & Barkham, M. (2007). Submissive voices dominate in depression: Assimilation analysis of a helpful session. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 63, 153–164. doi:10.1002/jclp.2033810.1002/(ISSN)1097-4679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peirce, C. S. (1965). Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro, E., Ribeiro, A. P., Gonçalves, M. M., Horvath, A. O., & Stiles, W. B. (2013). How collaboration in therapy becomes therapeutic: The therapeutic collaboration coding system. Psychology & Psychotherapy, 86, 294–314. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2012.02066.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger, C., Gorsuch, R., & Lushene, R. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2002). Assimilation of problematic experiences. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that works (pp. 357–365). Cary, NC: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2005). Extending the assimilation of problematic experiences scale: Commentary on the special issue. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 18, 85–93. doi:10.1080/0951507050013686810.1080/09515070500136868
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2007). Theory-building case studies of counselling and psychotherapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 7, 122–127. doi:10.1080/1473314070135674210.1080/14733140701356742
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2009). Logical operations in theory-building case studies. Pragmatic Case Studies in Psychotherapy, 5, 9–22.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2011). Coming to terms. Psychotherapy Research, 21, 367–384. doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.58218610.1080/10503307.2011.582186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., & Brinegar, M. G. (2007). Insight as a stage of assimilation: A theoretical perspective. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), Insight in psychotherapy (pp. 101–118). Washington, DC: APA.10.1037/11532-000
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Elliott, R., Llewelyn, S., Firth-Cozens, J., Margison, F. R., Shapiro, D. A., & Hardy, G. (1990). Assimilation of problematic experiences by clients in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 27, 411–420. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.27.3.41110.1037/0033-3204.27.3.411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Honos-Webb, L., & Surko, M. (1998). Responsiveness in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 439–458. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00166.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Morrison, L. A., Haw, S. K., Harper, H., Shapiro, D. A., & Firth-Cozens, J. (1991). Longitudinal study of assimilation in exploratory psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 28, 195–206. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.28.2.19510.1037/0033-3204.28.2.195
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Osatuke, K., Glick, M. J., & Mackay, H. C. (2004). Encounters between internal voices generate emotion: An elaboration of the assimilation model. In H. J. M. Hermans & G. Dimaggio (Eds.), The dialogical self in psychotherapy (pp. 91–107). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.10.4324/9780203314616
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B., Shapiro, D. A., Harper, H., & Morrison, L. A. (1995). Therapist contributions to psychotherapeutic assimilation: An alternative to the drug metaphor. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 68, 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1995.tb01809.x10.1111/papt.1995.68.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timulak, L., & McElvaney, R. (2013). Qualitative meta-analysis of insight events in psychotherapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26, 131–150. doi:10.1080/09515070.2013.79299710.1080/09515070.2013.792997
   Google Scholar
• Trijsburg, R. W., Frederiks, G. C. F. J., Gorlee, M., Klouwer, E., den Hollander, A. M., & Duivenvoorden, H. J. (2002). Development of the comprehensive psychotherapeutic interventions rating scale (CPIRS). Psychotherapy Research, 12, 287–317. doi:10.1093/ptr/12.3.28710.1093/ptr/12.3.287
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trijsburg, R. W., Lietaer, G., Colijn, S., Abrahamse, R. M., Joosten, S., & Duivenvoorden, H. J. (2004). Construct validity of the comprehensive psychotherapeutic interventions rating scale. Psychotherapy Research, 14, 346–366. doi:10.1093/ptr/kph029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varvin, S., & Stiles, W. B. (1999). Emergence of severe traumatic experiences: An assimilation analysis of psychoanalytic therapy with a political refugee. Psychotherapy Research, 9,381–404. doi:10.1080/10503309912331332821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Original publication 1924, Westerman.
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x10.1111/acp.1983.67.issue-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar