A funny thing happened when my scientist self and my practitioner self became an integrated scientist-practitioner: A tale of two couple therapists transformed

References

• Ægisdóttir, S., White, M.J., Spengler, P.M., Maugherman, A., Anderson, L.A., Cook, R.S., … Rush, J.D. (2006). The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: Fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 341–382. doi:10.1177/0011000005285875
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, T., Ogles, B.M., Patterson, C.L., Lambert, M.J., & Vermeersch, D.A. (2009). Therapist effects: Facilitative interpersonal skills as a predictor of therapist success. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 65, 755–768. doi:10.1002/jclp.20583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow, D.H., Hayes, S.C., & Nelson, R.O. (1984). The scientist practitioner: Research and accountability in clinical and educational settings. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Belar, C.D. (2000). Scientist–practitioner ? science + practice: Boulder is bolder. American Psychologist, 55, 249–250. doi:10.1037//0003-066x.55.2.248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, B. (2001). The process of blamer softening in emotionally focused therapy. Unpublsihed doctoral dissertation. Fuller Theological Seminary, Passadena, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, B., & Furrow, J.L. (2004). Toward a mini-theory of the blamer softening event: Tracking the moment-by-moment process. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30, 421–437. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2004.tb10236.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, B. & Furrow, J. (2007). Inside blamer softening: Maps and missteps. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 26, 25–43.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, B., & Furrow, J. (2013). Emotionally focused couple therapy for dummies. Mississauga: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bradley, B., & Johnson, S. (2005). Task analysis of couple and family change events. In P. Piercy (Ed.), Research methods in family therapy (pp. 254–271). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess-Moser, M., Johnson, S.M., Dalgleish, T.L., Lafontaine, M.F., Weibe, S.A., & Tasca, G.A. (2015). Changes in relationship-specific attachment in emotionally focused couple therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 42, 231–245. doi:10.1111/jfmt.12139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandeneau, M., & Johnson, S.M. (1994). Facilitating intimacy: Interventions and effects. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 20, 17–33. doi:10.1037/e500182006-002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwiche, J., & De Roten, Y. (2015). Couple and family treatments: Study quality and level of evidence. Family Process, 54, 138–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dattilio, F.M., Piercy, F.P., & Davis, S.D. (2014). The divide between “evidenced-based” approaches and practitioners of traditional theories of family therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 40, 5–16. doi:10.1111/jmft.12032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton, W., Burleson, B., Clark, T., Rodriguez, C., & Hobb, B. (2000). A randomized trial of emotionally focused therapy for couples in a training clinic. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26, 67–79. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2000.tb00277.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton, W.H., Wittenborn, A.K., & Golden, R.N. (2012). Augmenting antidepressant medication treatment of depressed women with emotionally focused therapy for couples: A randomized pilot study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38, 23–38. doi:10/1111/j.1752-0606.2012.00291.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessaulles, A., Johnson, S.M., & Denton, W.H. (2003). Emotion-focused therapy for couples in the treatment of depression: a pilot study. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 31, 345–353. doi:10.1037/e671192011-001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke, M.P., & Nowicki, S. (1993, September). The 1993 Boulder model: A different view of the scientist–practitioner. APS Observer, 2, 6–9.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, R.L., & Schwebel, A.I. (1995). Meta-analytic review of marital therapy outcome research. Journal of Family Psychology, 9, 58–68. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.9.1.58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K.A., Krampe, R.T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406. doi:10.1097/00001888-200410001-00022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faust, D. (1997). Of science, meta-science, and clinical practice: The generalization of a generalization to a particular. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68, 331–354.10.1207/s15327752jpa6802_6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest, L.M. (2008). The ever evolving identity of counseling psychologists. The Counseling Psychologist, 36, 281–289. doi:10.1177/0011000007313552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furrow, J., Johnson, S.M., & Bradley, B. (2011). The emotionally focused casebook: New directions in treating couples. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gelso, C.J. (1979). Research in counseling: methodological and professional issues. The Counseling Psychologist, 8, 7–36. doi:10.1177/001100007900800303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelso, C.J., & Lent, R.W. (2000). Scientific training and scholarly productivity: The person, the training environment, and their interaction. In S.D. Brown & R.W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp. 109–139). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Gelso, C.J., Baumann, E.C., Chui, H.T., & Savela, A.E. (2013). The making of a scientist–psychotherapist: The research training environment and the psychotherapist. Psychotherapy, 50, 139–149. doi:10/1037/a0028257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, A., & Greenberg, L.S. (1992). Comparison of integrated systemic and emotionally focused approaches to couples therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 962–969. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.60.6.962
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodyear, R., Lichtenberg, J., Hutman, H., Overland, E., Bedi, R., Christiani, K., … Young, C. (2016). A global portrait of counselling psychologists’ characteristics, perspectives, and professional behaviors. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 29, 115–138. doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1128396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon-Walker, J., Johnson, S.M., Manion, I., & Cloutier, P. (1996). Emotionally focused marital intervention for couples with chronically ill children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 1029–1036. doi:10.1037/0022-066x.64.5.1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, G.D., & Holland, J.L. (1996). Dictionary of Holland occupational codes (3rd ed.). Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Gottman, J.M. (1994). What predicts divorce. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gottman, J.M., & Gottman, J.S. (2008). Gottman method of couple therapy. In A. Gurman (Ed.), Clinical handbook of couple therapy (pp. 138–166). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L.S. (2007). A guide to conducting a task analysis of psychotherapeutic change. Psychotherapy Research, 17, 15–30. doi:10.1080/10503300600720390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L.S., & Johnson, S.M. (1988). Emotionally focused therapy for couples. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greenman, P.S., & Johnson, S.M. (2013). Process research on emotionally focused therapy (EFT) for couples: Linking theory to practice. Family Process, 52, 46–61. doi:10.1093/clipsy/6.1.67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurman, A.S. (2011). Couple therapy research and the practice of couple therapy: can we talk? Family Process, 50, 280–292. doi:10.111/j.1545-5300.2011.01360.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henton, I. (2012). Practice-based research and counselling psychology: A critical review and proposal. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 27, 11–28.
   Google Scholar
• Heppner, P.P., Carter, J.A., Claiborn, C.D., Brooks, L., Gelso, C.J., Fassinger, R.E., … Galassi, J.P. (1992). A proposal to integrate science and practice in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 20, 107–122. doi:10.1177/0011000092201017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honarparvaran, N., Tabrizy, M., & Navabinejad, S. (2010). The efficacy of emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT-C) training with regard to reducing sexual dissatisfaction among couples. European Journal of Scientific Research, 43, 538–545.
   Google Scholar
• James, P. (1991). Effects of a communication training component added to emotionally focused couples therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 17, 263–286. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1991.tb00894.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M. (2002). Emotionally focused couple therapy with trauma survivors: Strengthening attachment bonds. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M. (2004). The practice of emotionally focused couple therapy: Creating connection (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M. (2008). Hold me tight. New York, NY: Little Brown.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M., & Greenberg, L.S. (1985a). Differential effects of experiential and problem-solving interventions in resolving marital conflict. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 175–184. doi:10.1037//0022-006x53.2.175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M., & Greenberg, L.S. (1985b). Emotionally focused couple therapy: An outcome study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11, 313–317. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00624.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M., & Greenberg, L.S. (1988). Relating process to outcome in marital therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 14, 175–183. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1988.tb00733.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M., Hunsley, J., Greenberg, L.S., & Schindler, D. (1999). Emotionally focused couple therapy: Status and challenges. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 67–79. doi:10.1093/clipsy/6.1.67
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.M., Moser, M.B., Beckes, L., Smith, A., Dalgleish, T., Halchuk, R.E., … Coan, J.A. (2013). Soothing the threatened brain: Leveraging contact comfort with emotionally focused therapy. PLoS ONE, 8, 1–10. doi:10.1371/jouornal.pone.0079314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallos-Lilly, V., & Fitzgerald, J. (2015). An emotionally focused workbook for couples: The two of us. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R. (1987). The current use of live supervision within marriage and family therapy training programs. The Clinical Supervisor, 5, 43–52. doi:10.1300/j001v05n03_04
   Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A.E. (2008). Evidence-based treatment and practice: New opportunities to bridge clinical research and practice, enhance the knowledge base, and improve patient care. American Psychologist, 63, 146–159. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.3.146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kison, S.D., Moorer, K.D., & Villarosa, M.C. (2015). The integration of science and practice: Unique perspectives from counseling psychology students. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 28, 345–359. doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1060193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M.J., Hansen, N.B., & Finch, A.E. (2001). Patient-focused research: Using patient outcome data to enhance treatment effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 159–172. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.69.2.159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebow, J.L., Chambers, A.L., Christensen, A., & Johnson, S.M. (2012). Research on the treatment of couple distress. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38, 145–168. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00249.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, N.A., Spengler, P.M., Mitchell, A., Spengler, E.S., & Spiker, D. (2016). A task analysis of withdrawer re-engagement in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, N.A., Spengler, P.M., Whittenborn, A., Evans, I., & Sanders, P. (2016, August). A meta-analysis of the effect of emotionally focused couple therapy. Poster presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association. Denver, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, N.A., Furrow, J.L., & Bradley, B. (in press). Emotionally focused couple therapy for parents raising a child with an autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtenberg, J.W., Goodyear, R.K., Hutman, H., & Overland, E.A. (2016). Counselling psychology in the United States. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 29, 216–224. doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1127207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilienfeld, S.O., Ritschel, L.A., Lynn, S.J., Cautin, R.L., & Latzman, R.D. (2013). Why many clinical psychologists are resistant to evidence-based practice: Root causes and constructive remedies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 883–900. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntosh, H.B., & Johnson, S.M. (2008). Emotionally focused therapy for couples and childhood sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34, 298–315. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2008.00074.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macphee, D., & Johnson, S.M. (1995). Low sexual desire in women: The effects of marital therapy. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 21, 159–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makinen, J.A., & Johnson, S.M. (2006). Resolving attachment injuries in couples using emotionally focused therapy: Steps toward forgiveness and reconciliation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 1055–1064. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.6.1055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuliffe, G., & Eriksen, K. (2000). Preparing counselors and therapists: Creating constructivist and developmental programs. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publisher.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, L.M., Jones, J.M., Rydall, A.C., Walsh, A., Esplen, M.J., Zimmermann, C., & Rodin, G.M. (2008). A couples intervention for patients facing advanced cancer and their spouse caregivers: Outcomes of a pilot study. Psycho-Oncology, 17, 1152–1156. doi:10.1002/pon.1319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S. D., & Duncan, B. L. (2004). The outcome and session rating scales: Administration and scoring manual. Chicago, IL: Institute for the Study of Therapeutic Change.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, D.J., Spengler, E.S., & Spengler, P.M. (2015). A meta-analysis of confidence and judgment accuracy in clinical decision-making. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 553–567. doi:10.1037/cou0000105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollen, D., Ridley, C.R., & Hill, C.L. (2003). Models of multicultural counseling competence: A critical evaluation. In D.B. Pope-Davis, H.L.K. Coleman, W.M. Liu, & R.L. Toporek (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural competencies in counseling and psychology (pp. 3–20). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, B. C., & Madson, M. B. (2015). Introduction to the special issue: Science-practice integration in counseling psychology training: Trends and models. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 28, 215–219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J.C. (Ed.). (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ogles, B. M., Lambert, M. J., & Fields, S. A. (2002). Essentials of outcome assessment. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Okiishi, J., Lambert, M.J., Nielsen, S.L., & Ogles, B.M. (2003). Waiting for supershrink: An empirical analysis of therapist effects. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10, 361–373. doi:10.1002/cpp.383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlinsky, D.E., & Rønnestad, M. (Eds.). (2005). How psychotherapists develop: A study of therapeutic work and professional growth. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Overholser, J.C. (2007). The Boulder model in academia: Struggling to integrate the science and practice of psychology. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 37, 205–211. doi:10.1007/s10879-007-9055-z
   Google Scholar
• Overholser, J.C. (2015). Training the scientist–practitioner in the twenty-first century: A risk–benefit analysis. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 28, 220–234. doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1052779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelling, N. (2008). The relationship of supervisory experience, counseling experience, and training in supervision to supervisory identity development. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 30, 235–248. doi:10.1007/s10447-008-9060-2
   Google Scholar
• Pinsof, W.M., & Wynne, L.C. (2000). The effectiveness of marital and family therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 21, 585–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rheem, K. D. (2011). Analyzing the withdrawer re-engagement change event in Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy: A preliminary task analysis. Unpublished dissertation. Argosy University, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, L.N., & Greenberg, L.S. (1984). Patterns of change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ridley, C., & Laird, V. (2015). The scientist–practitioner model in counseling psychology programs: A survey of training directors. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 28, 235–263. doi:10.1080/09515070.2015.1047440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rønnestad, M., & Skovholt, T. (2013). The developing practitioner: Growth and stagnation of therapists and counselors. New York, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Sabnani, H.B., Ponterotto, J.G., & Borodovsky, L.G. (1991). White racial identity development and cross-cultural counselor training. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 76–102. doi:10.1177/0011000091191007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safran, J.D., Abreu, I., Ogilvie, J., & DeMaria, A. (2011). Does psychotherapy research influence the clinical practice of researcher-clinicians? Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 357–371. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01267.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, T.L., Gordon, K.C., Gurman, A., Lebow, J., Holtzworth-Munroe, A., & Johnson, S.M. (2011). Guidelines for classifying evidence-based treatments in couple and family therapy. Family Process, 50, 377–392. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2011.01363.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadish, W.R., & Baldwin, S.A. (2003). Meta-analysis of MFT interventions. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 547–570. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01694.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shadish, W.R., Cook, T.D., & Campbell, D.T. (2002). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for causal inference. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Shimokawa, K., Lambert, M.J., & Smart, D.W. (2010). Enhancing treatment outcome of patients at risk of treatment failure: Meta-analytic and mega-analytic review of a psychotherapy quality assurance system. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 298–311. doi:10.1037/a0019247.supp
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, G.M. (2006). The heart of the matter: A proposal for placing the self of the therapist at the center of family therapy research and training. Family Process, 45, 331–344. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2006.00174.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M.L., Glass, G.V., & Miller, T.L. (1980). Benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and Family, 38, 15–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler, P.M. (2013). Clinical versus mechanical prediction. In J. Graham & J. Naglieri (Eds.), Handbook of psychology (2nd ed.), Assessment Psychology (Vol. 10, pp. 26–49). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Spengler, P.M., & Pilipis, L.A. (2015). A comprehensive meta-reanalysis of the robustness of the experience-accuracy effect in clinical judgment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, 360–378. doi:10.1037/cou0000065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler, P.M., Blustein, D.L., & Strohmer, D.C. (1990). Diagnostic and treatment overshadowing of vocational problems by personal problems. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 372–381. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.37.4.372
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler, P.M., Strohmer, D.C., & Prout, H.T. (1990). Testing the robustness of the diagnostic overshadowing bias. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 95, 204–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spengler, P.M., Strohmer, D.C., Dixon, D.N., & Shivy, V.A. (1995). A Scientist–Practitioner Model of Psychological Assessment. The Counseling Psychologist, 23, 506–534. doi:10.1177/0011000095233009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spengler, P.M., White, M.J., Ægisdóttir, S., Maugherman, A., Anderson, L.A., Cook, R.S., … Rush, J.D. (2009). The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: Effects of experience on judgment accuracy. The Counseling Psychologist, 37, 350–399. doi:10.1177/0011000006295149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walfish, S., Mcalister, B., O’donnell, P., & Lambert, M.J. (2012). An investigation of self-assessment bias in mental health providers. Psychological Reports, 110, 639–644. doi:10.2466/02.07.17.pr0.110.2.639-644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar