Are client- and therapist-identified significant events related to outcome?: a systematic review

References

• *Llewelyn, S., Elliott, R., Shapiro, D., Hardy, G., & Firth-Cozens, J. (1988). Client perceptions of significant events in prescriptive and exploratory periods of individual therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27(2),105–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Martin, J., & Stelmaczonek, K. (1988). Participants’ identification and recall of important events in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35(4), 385–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Llewelyn, S. (1988). Psychological therapy as viewed by clients and therapists. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27(3) pp 223–237.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Martin, J., Paivio, S., & Labadie, D. (1990). Memory-enhancing characteristics of client-recalled important events in cognitive and experiential therapy: Integrating cognitive experimental and therapeutic psychology. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 3(3), 239–256.
   Google Scholar
• *Cummings, A. L., Martin, J., Hallberg, E., & Slemon, A. (1992a). Memory for therapeutic events, session effectiveness, and working alliance in short-term counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39(3), 306–312.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cummings, A. L., Hallberg, E. T., & Slemon, A. (1992b). Participants’ memories for therapeutic events and ratings of session effectiveness. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: an International Quarterly, 6(2), 113–124.
   Google Scholar
• *Cummings, A. L., Slemon, G. A., & Hallberg, E. T. (1993). Session evaluation and recall of important events as a function of counselor experience. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(2), 156–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cummings, A., Hallberg, E., & Slemon, A. (1994). Templates of client change in short-term counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(4), 464–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Cummings, A., & Hallberg, E. (1995). Women’s experiences of change processes during intensive counselling. Canadian Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 29(2),147–159.
   Google Scholar
• *Booth, H., Cushway, D., & Newnes, C. (1997). Counselling in general practice: Clients’ perceptions of significant events and outcome. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 10(2), 175–187.
   Google Scholar
• *Kivlighan, D. J., & Arthur, E. G. (2000). Convergence in client and counselor recall of important session events. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 79–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Timulak, L., Belicova, A., & Miler, M. (2010). Client identified significant events in a successful therapy case: The link between the significant events and outcome. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 23(4), 371–386.
   Google Scholar
• *Holowaty, K. A. M., & Paivio, S. C. (2012). Characteristics of client-identified helpful events in emotion-focused therapy for child abuse trauma. Psychotherapy Research, 22(1): 56–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, G., Boalt Boethius, S., Svirsky, L., & Carlberg, G. (2006). Memories of significant episodes in child psychotherapy: An autobiographical memory approach. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 79(2), 229–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angus, L., & Rennie, D. (1988). Therapist participation in metaphor generation - collaborative and noncollaborative styles. Psychotherapy, 25(4), 552–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmforth, J., & Elliott, R. (2012). ‘I never talked about, ever’: A comprehensive process analysis of a significant client disclosure event in therapy. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 12(1), 2–12.
   Google Scholar
• Busseri, M. A., & Tyler, J. D. (2004). Client-therapist agreement on target problems, working alliance, and counseling outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 14(1), 77–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carryer, J. R., & Greenberg, L. S. (2010). Optimal levels of emotional arousal in experiential therapy of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 190–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castonguay, L., Boswell, J., Borkovec, T., Baker, S., Boutselis, M., Chiswick, N., … Spayd, C. (2010). Helpful and hindering events in psychotherapy: A practice research network study. Psychotherapy, 47(3), 327–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha, C., Gonçalves, M., Hill, C., Mendes, I., Ribeiro, A., Sousa, I., … Greenberg, L. (2012). Therapist interventions and client innovative moments in emotion-focused therapy for depression. Psychotherapy, 49(4), 536–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (1985). Helpful and nonhelpful events in brief counseling interviews: An empirical taxonomy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32(3).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (1986). Interpersonal Process Recall (IPR) as a psychotherapy process research method. In L. Rice & L. Greenberg (Eds.), Patterns of change (pp. 503–527). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (2002). Hermeneutic single-case efficacy design. Psychotherapy Research, 12(1), 1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (2010). Psychotherapy change process research: Realizing the promise. Psychotherapy Research, 20(2), 123–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., James, E., Reimschuessel, C., Cislo, D., & Sack, N. (1985). Significant events and the analysis of immediate therapeutic impacts. Psychotherapy, 22(3), 620–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., & Rodgers, B. (2008). Client change interview. Retrieved from http://www.drbrianrodgers.com/research/client-change-interview
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, M., Cruz, G., Ribeiro, A., Mendes, I., Sousa, I., Angus, L., & Greenberg, L. (2012). Innovative moments and change in client-centered therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 22(4), 389–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafanaki, S., & McLeod, J. (1999). Narrative processes in the construction of helpful and hindering events in experiential psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 9(3), 289–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L., Auszra, L., & Herrmann, I. (2007). The relationship among emotional productivity, emotional arousal and outcome in experiential therapy of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 17(4), 482–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. M., Laurenceau, J., Feldman, G., Strauss, J. L., & Cardaciotto, L. (2007). Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(), 715–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmeke, K. B., & Sprenkle, D. H. (2000). Clients’ perceptions of pivotal moments in couples therapy: A qualitative study of change in therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 26(4), 469–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmqvist, R, Philips, B, & Mellor-Clark, J. (2016). Client and therapist agreement about the client's problems—associations with treatment alliance and outcome. Psychotherapy Research, (26)4, 399-409 . doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1013160
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 223–233. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.36.2.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, U., & Stiles, W. B. (2015). The responsiveness problem in psychotherapy: A review of proposed solutions. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 22(3), 277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, M., & Lutz, W. (2009). Process transforms inputs to determine outcomes: Therapists are responsible for managing process. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 16(1), 73–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, H. M., & Piazza-Bonin, E. (2011). Therapists’ and clients’ significant experiences underlying psychotherapy discourse. Psychotherapy Research, 21(1), 70–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2016). The literature review: Six steps to success (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mallinckrodt, B. (1993). Session impact, working alliance, and treatment outcome in brief counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(1), 25–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J. (1991). The social-cognitive construction of therapeutic change: A dual coding analysis. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10(3), 305–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, J., Cummings, A., & Hallberg, E. (1992). Therapists’ intentional use of metaphor: Memorability, clinical impact, and possible epistemic/motivational functions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(1), 143–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matos, M., Santos, A., Gonçalves, M. M., & Martins, C. (2009). Innovative moments and change in narrative therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 68–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes, I., Ribeiro, A., Angus, L., Greenberg, L., Sousa, I., & Gonçalves, M. (2010). Narrative change in emotion-focused therapy: How is change constructed through the lens of the innovative moments coding system? Psychotherapy Research, 20, 692–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes, I., Ribeiro, A., Gonçalves, M., Angus, L., Greenberg, L., & Sousa, I. (2011). Narrative change in emotion-focused psychotherapy: A study on the evolution of reflection and protest innovative moments. Psychotherapy Research, 21(3), 304–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Missirlian, T. M., Toukmanian, S. G., Warwar, S. H., & Greenberg, L. S. (2005). Emotional arousal, client perceptual processing, and the working alliance in experiential psychotherapy for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 861–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neusar, A. (2014). To trust or not to trust? Interpretations in qualitative research. Human Affairs, 24, 178–188.
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K. (2007). Conceptual and design essentials for evaluating mechanisms of change. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(53), 4S–12S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliveira, A., Sousa, D., & Pires, A. P. (2012). Significant events in existential psychotherapy: The client’s perspective. Existential Analysis, 23(2), 288–304.
   Google Scholar
• References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the review.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, D., & Timulak, L. (2012). Client-identified helpful and hindering events in therapist-delivered vs. self-administered online cognitive-behavioural treatments for depression in college students. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 25(3), 251–262.
   Google Scholar
• Smits, D., Luyckx, K., Smits, D., Stinckens, N., & Claes, L. (2015). Structural characteristics and external correlates of the working alliance inventory-short form. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 545–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. (2009). Responsiveness as an obstacle for psychotherapy outcome research: It’s worse than you think. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice, 16(1), 86–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (1988). Psychotherapy process-outcome correlations may be misleading. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 25(1), 27–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timulak, L. (2003). Empowerment events in process-experiential psychotherapy of depression: An exploratory qualitative analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 13(4), 443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timulak, L. (2007). Identifying core categories of client-identified impact of helpful events in psychotherapy: A qualitative meta-analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 17(3), 310–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timulak, L. (2010). Significant events in psychotherapy: An update of research findings. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 83(4), 421–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timulak, L., & Lietaer, G. (2001). Moments of empowerment: A qualitative analysis of positively experienced episodes in brief person-centred counselling. Counselling & Psychotherapy Research, 1(1), 62.
   Google Scholar
• Timulak, L., & McElvaney, R. (2013). Qualitative meta-analysis of insight events in psychotherapy. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 26(2), 131–150.
   Google Scholar
• Wiggins, S., Elliott, R., & Cooper, M. (2012). The prevalence and characteristics of relational depth events in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 22(2), 139–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox-Matthew, L., Ottens, A., & Minor, C. W. (1997). An analysis of significant events in counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 75(4), 282–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar