619
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Coping as a moderator of self-discrepancies and psychological distress

ORCID Icon &
Pages 284-302 | Received 19 Oct 2019, Accepted 21 Apr 2020, Published online: 05 May 2020

References

  • Allport, G. W. (1955). Becoming: Basic considerations for a psychology of personality. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Amirkhan, J. H. (1990). A factor analytically derived measure of coping: The coping strategy indicator. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1066–1074.
  • Barnett, M. D., Moore, J. M., & Harp, A. R. (2017). Who we are and how we feel: Self-discrepancy theory and specific affective states. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 232–237.
  • Blalock, J. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2000). Interaction of cognitive avoidance coping and stress in predicting depression/anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(1), 47–65.
  • Boldero, J., & Francis, J. (2000). The relation between self-discrepancies and emotion: The moderating roles of self-guide importance, location relevance, and social self-domain centrality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(1), 38–52.
  • Bond, M. P., & Vaillant, J. S. (1986). An empirical study of the relationship between diagnosis and defense style. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43(3), 285–288.
  • Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Oxford, England: Aldine.
  • Bruch, M. A., Rivet, K. M., & Laurenti, H. J. (2000). Type of self-discrepancy and relationships to components of the tripartite model of emotional distress. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(1), 37–44.
  • Burns, R. J., Deschênes, S. S., & Schmitz, N. (2016). Associations between coping strategies and mental health in individuals with type 2 diabetes: Prospective analyses. Health Psychology, 35(1), 78.
  • Cabras, C., & Mondo, M. (2018). Coping strategies, optimism, and life satisfaction among first-year university students in Italy: Gender and age differences. Higher Education, 75(4), 643–654.
  • Caver, C. S., Lawrence, J. W., & Scheier, M. F. (1999). Self-discrepancies and affect: Incorporating the role of feared selves. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(7), 783–792.
  • Chang, E. C. (1996). Cultural differences in optimism, pessimism, and coping: Predictors of subsequent adjustment in Asian American and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43(1), 113.
  • Choi, Y., Moon, E., Park, J. M., Lee, B. D., Lee, Y. M., Jeong, H. J., & Chung, Y. I. (2017). Psychometric properties of the coping inventory for stressful situations in Korean adults. Psychiatry Investigation, 14(4), 427–433.
  • Choi, Y. S. (2001). The relation between the level of the depression, anxiety and self-discrepancy of university students (Master’s Thesis). Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, South Korea. Retrieved from http://www.riss.kr/link?id=T8170150
  • Chon, K. K., Choi, S., & Yang, B. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6(1), 59–76.
  • Connor-Smith, J. K., & Compas, B. E. (2002). Vulnerability to social stress: Coping as a mediator or moderator of sociotropy and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(1), 39–55.
  • Dardas, L. A., & Ahmad, M. M. (2015). Coping strategies as mediators and moderators between stress and quality of life among parents of children with autistic disorder. Stress and Health, 31(1), 5–12.
  • Dickson, J. M., Moberly, N. J., & Huntley, C. D. (2019). Rumination selectively mediates the association between actual-ideal (but not actual-ought) self-discrepancy and anxious and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 149, 94–99.
  • Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1990). Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS): Manual. Toroto: Multi-Health Systems.
  • Endler, N. S., & Parker, J. D. A. (1994). Assessment of multidimensional coping: Task, emotion, and avoidance strategies. Psychological Assessment, 6(1), 50–60.
  • Endler, N. S., Parker, J. D. A., & Butcher, J. N. (1993). A factor analytic study of coping styles and the MMPI-2 content scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49(4), 523–527.
  • Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
  • Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
  • Folkman, S. (1984). Personal control and stress and coping processes: A theoretical analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(4), 839–852.
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Pimley, S., & Novacek, J. (1987). Age differences in stress and coping processes. Psychology and Aging, 2(2), 171.
  • Fromson, P. M. (2006). Self-discrepancies and negative affect: The moderating roles of private and public self-consciousness. Social Behavior & Personality: An International Journal, 34(4), 333–349.
  • Gillanders, D. T., Sinclair, A. K., MacLean, M., & Jardine, K. (2015). Illness cognitions, cognitive fusion, avoidance and self-compassion as predictors of distress and quality of life in a heterogeneous sample of adults, after cancer. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 4(4), 300–311.
  • Gorman, J. M. (1996). Comorbid depression and anxiety spectrum disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 4(4), 160–168.
  • Green, D. L., Choi, J. J., & Kane, M. N. (2010). Coping strategies for victims of crime: Effects of the use of emotion-focused, problem-focused, and avoidance-oriented coping. Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 20(6), 732–743.
  • Hahn, L., & Chon. (1996). Korean adaptation of Spielberger’s STAI. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 1(1), 1–14.
  • Harandi, T. F., Taghinasab, M. M., & Nayeri, T. D. (2017). The correlation of social support with mental health: A meta-analysis. Electronic Physician, 9(9), 5212.
  • Hardin, E. E., & Lakin, J. L. (2009). The integrated self-discrepancy index: A reliable and valid measure of self-discrepancies. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(3), 245–253.
  • Hardin, E. E., Weigold, I. K., Robitschek, C., & Nixon, A. E. (2007). Self-discrepancy and distress: The role of personal growth initiative. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54(1), 86–92.
  • Heron, K. E., & Smyth, J. M. (2013). Body image discrepancy and negative affect in women’s everyday lives: An ecological momentary assessment evaluation of self-discrepancy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(3), 276–295.
  • Higgins, E. T. (1987). Self-discrepancy: A theory relating self and affect. Psychological Review, 94(3), 319–340.
  • Higgins, E. T. (1989). Self-discrepancy theory: What patterns of self-beliefs cause people to suffer? Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 93–136.
  • Higgins, E. T. (1999). When do self-discrepancies have specific relations to emotions? The second-generation question of Tangney, Niedenthal, Covert, and Barlow (1998). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1313–1317.
  • Higgins, E. T. (2011). Beyond pleasure and pain: How motivation works. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Higgins, E. T, Bond, R. N, Klein, R, & Strauman, T. (1986). Self-discrepancies and emotional vulnerability: how magnitude, accessibility, and type of discrepancy influence affect. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (1), 5-15. doi:https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.5
  • Hofmann, S. G., & Hay, A. C. (2018). Rethinking avoidance: Toward a balanced approach to avoidance in treating anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 55, 14–21.
  • Hong, R. Y., Widyasari, T., & Pearlyn, S. O. (2013). When being discrepant from one’s ideal or ought selves hurts: The moderating role of neuroticism. European Journal of Personality, 27(3), 256–270.
  • Iturralde, E., Weissberg-Benchell, J., & Hood, K. K. (2017). Avoidant coping and diabetes-related distress: Pathways to adolescents’ type 1 diabetes outcomes. Health Psychology, 36(3), 236–244.
  • Jackson, D. N. (1989). Basic personality inventory manual. Port Huron, MI: Sigma Assessment Systems.
  • Kabacoff, R. I., Segal, D. L., Hersen, M., & Van Hasselt, V. B. (1997). Psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the Beck Anxiety Inventory and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory with older adult psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11(1), 33–47.
  • Levin, M. E., Krafft, J., Pierce, B., & Potts, S. (2018). When is experiential avoidance harmful in the moment? Examining global experiential avoidance as a moderator. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 61, 158–163.
  • Park, Y., Kim, K., & Noh, S. (2000). Validity assessment of the CISS (Coping inventory for stressful situation) in Korean high school students. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 39(1), 55–64.
  • Petrocelli, J. V., & Smith, E. R. (2005). Who I am, who we are, and why: Links between emotions and causal attributions for self- and group discrepancies. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 31(12), 1628–1642.
  • Phillips, A. G., & Silvia, P. J. (2010). Individual differences in self-discrepancies and emotional experience: Do distinct discrepancies predict distinct emotions? Personality and Individual Differences, 49(2), 148–151.
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401.
  • Scott, L., & O’Hara, M. W. (1993). Self-discrepancies in clinically anxious and depressed university students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102(2), 282–287.
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1983). Manual for the state-trait anxiety inventory: STAI (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
  • Strauman, T. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1987). Automatic activation of self-discrepancies and emotional syndromes: When cognitive structures influence affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), 1004–1014.
  • Strauman, T. J., & Higgins, E. T. (1988). Self-discrepancies as predictors of vulnerability to distinct syndromes of chronic emotional distress. Journal of Personality, 56(4), 685–707.
  • Tangney, J. P., Niedenthal, P. M., Covert, M. V., & Barlow, D. H. (1998). Are shame and guilt related to distinct self-discrepancies? A test of Higgins’s (1987) hypotheses. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(1), 256–268.
  • Taylor, J. A. (1953). A personality scale of manifest anxiety. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48(2), 285.
  • Turner, R. A., King, P. R., & Temblay, P. F. (1992). Coping styles and depression among psychiatric outpatients. Personality and Individual Differences, 13(10), 1145–1147.
  • Vanstone, D. M., & Hicks, R. E. (2019). Transitioning to university: Coping styles as mediators between adaptive-maladaptive perfectionism and test anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 68–75.
  • Vigneau, F., & Cormier, S. (2008). The factor structure of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: An alternative view. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90(3), 280–285.
  • Wasylkiw, L, Fabrigar, L. R, Rainboth, S, Reid, A, & Steen, C. (2010). Neuroticism and the architecture of the self: exploring neuroticism as a moderator of the impact of ideal self‐discrepancies on emotion. Journal Of Personality, 78(2), 471-492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00623.x
  • Weston, R., & Gore, P. A., Jr. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 719–751.
  • Wheaton, B. (1985). Models for the stress-buffering functions of coping resource. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 26(4), 352–364.
  • Woodman, A. C., & Hauser‐Cram, P. (2013). The role of coping strategies in predicting change in parenting efficacy and depressive symptoms among mothers of adolescents with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57(6), 513–530.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.