Cultivating online therapeutic presence: strengthening therapeutic relationships in teletherapy sessions

References

• Aafjes‐van Doorn, K., Békés, V., & Prout, T. A. (2020). Grappling with our therapeutic relationship and professional self-doubt during COVID-19: Will we use video therapy again? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2020.1773404
   Google Scholar
• Allison, K. L., & Rossouw, P. J. (2013). The therapeutic alliance: Exploring the concept of “safety” from a neuropsychotherapeutic perspective. International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy, 1(1), 21–29.
   Google Scholar
• Badenach, B. (2018). Safety is the treatment. In S. Porges & D. Dana (Eds.), Clinical applications of the polyvagal theory: The emergence of polyvagal-informed therapies (pp. 73–88). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, M. (2000). Interview with Carl Rogers on the use of the self in therapy. In M. Baldwin (Ed.), The use of self in therapy (2nd ed., pp. 29–38). New York, NY: The Haworth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berle, D., Starcevic, V., Milicevic, D., Hannan, A., Dale, E., Brakoulias, V., & Viswasam, K. (2014). Do patients prefer face-to-face or internet-based therapy? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 84(1), 61–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos, N., Olson, J., Gergle, D., Olson, G., & Wright, Z. (2002). Effects of four computer-mediated communications channels on trust development. Proceedings from SIGCHI '02: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY: ACM Digital Library. https://dl.acm.https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/503376.503401
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard, S., Robillard, G., Marchand, A., & Riva, P. R. (2007). Presence and the bond between patients and their psychotherapists in the cognitive-behavior therapy of panic disorder with agoraphobia delivered in videoconference. https://astro.temple.edu/~lombard/ISPR/Proceedings/2007/Bouchard,%20Robillard,%20Marchand,%20and%20Riva.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Brahnam, S. (2014). Therapeutic presence in mediated psychotherapy: The uncanny stranger in the room. In G. Riva, J. Waterworth, & D. M. De Gruyter (Eds.), Interacting with presence: HCI and the sense of presence in computer-mediated environments (pp. 123–138). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, E. A., & Randall, A. K. (2013). Emotional coregulation in close relationships. Emotion Review, 5(2), 202–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, J. E., & Doyle, C. (2002). Working alliance in online therapy as compared to face-to-face therapy: Preliminary results. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 95–105.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dana, D., & Grant, D. (2018). The polyvagal playlab: Helping therapists bring polyvagal to their clients. In S. Porges & D. Dana (Eds.), Clinical applications of the polyvagal theory: The emergence of polyvagal-informed therapies (pp. 185–206). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Dodgen-Magee, D. (2018). Deviced!: Balancing life and technology in a digital world. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, R., Callahan, J. L., Swift, J. K., & Ivanovic, M. (2013). Effects of pre-session centering for therapists on session presence and effectiveness. Psychotherapy Research, 23(1), 78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P. (2004). Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Epstein, M. (2007). Psychotherapy without the self: A Buddhist perspective. London, United Kingdom: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1930). Civilization and its discontent. Standard edition. (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M. (2017). A practical guide to cultivating therapeutic presence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M. (2018). Therapeutic presence and polyvagal theory: Principles and practices for cultivating effective therapeutic relationships. In S. Porges & D. Dana (Eds.), Clinical applications of the polyvagal theory: The emergence of polyvagal-informed therapies (pp. 106–126). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M. (2019). Therapeutic presence: The foundation for effective emotion-focused therapy. In L. S. Greenberg & R. N. Goldman (Eds.), Clinical handbook of emotion-focused therapy (pp. 129–145). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (2002). Therapeutic presence: Therapists’ experience of presence in the psychotherapy encounter. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 1(1–2), 71–86.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M., & Greenberg, L. S. (2012). Therapeutic presence: A mindful approach to effective therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M., Greenberg, L. S., & Watson, J. C. (2010). Therapist and client perceptions of therapeutic presence: The development of a measure. Psychotherapy Research, 20(5), 599–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M., & Porges, S. W. (2014). Therapeutic presence: Neurophysiological mechanisms mediating feeling safe in therapeutic relationships. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 178.
   Google Scholar
• Geller, S. M., Pos, A. W., & Colosimo, K. (2012). Therapeutic presence: A common factor in the provision of effective psychotherapy. Society for Psychotherapy Integration, 47, 6–13. Psychotherapy Bulletin.
   Google Scholar
• Germer, C. K. (2012). Cultivating compassion in psychotherapy. In C. K. Germer & R. D. Siegel (Eds.), Wisdom and compassion in psychotherapy: Deepening mindfulness in clinical practice (pp. 93–110). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, A. (2018). Roots, rhythm, reciprocity: Polyvagal-informed dance movement therapy for survivors of trauma. In S. Porges & D. Dana (Eds.), Clinical applications of the polyvagal theory: The emergence of polyvagal-informed therapies (pp. 207–226). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Haddouk, L. (2015). Presence at a distance. Annual Review of Cybertherapy and Telemedicine, 13, 208–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hafermalz, E., & Riemer, K. (2016). Negotiating distance: “presencing work” in a case of remote telenursing. Proceedings from ICIS '16: The International Conference on Information Systems. Dublin, Ireland: AIS Electronic Library. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313794397_Negotiating_Distance_Presencing_Work_in_a_Case_of_Remote_Telenursing
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, J., & Vinca, J. (2011). Therapist presence and its relationship to empathy, session, depth, and symptom reduction. Proceedings from SPR ’11: The 42nd Annual Meeting for Society for Psychotherapy Research, Bern, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, J. A., & Vinca, M. (2017). Therapist presence, absence, and extraordinary presence. In L. G. Castonguay & C. E. Hill (Eds.), How and why are some therapists better than others?: Understanding therapist effects (pp. 85–99). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Imel, Z. E., Barco, J. S., Brown, H. J., Baucom, B. R., Baer, J. S., Kircher, J. C., & Atkins, D. C. (2014). The association of therapist empathy and synchrony in vocally encoded arousal. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(1), 146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jerome, L. W., & Zaylor, C. (2000). Cyberspace: Creating a therapeutic environment for telehealth applications. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 31(5), 478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanter, J. W., Rusch, L. C., Landes, S. J., Holman, G. I., Whiteside, U., & Sedivy, S. K. (2009). The use and nature of present-focused interventions in cognitive and behavioral therapies for depression. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 46(2), 220–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocsis, B. J., & Yellowlees, P. (2018). Telepsychotherapy and the therapeutic relationship: Principles, advantages, and case examples. Telemedicine and e-Health, 24(5), 329–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koole, S. L., & Tschacher, W. (2016). Synchrony in psychotherapy: A review and an integrative framework for the therapeutic alliance. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(862), 1–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marci, C. D., Ham, J., Moran, E., & Orr, S. P. (2007). Physiologic correlates of perceived therapist empathy and social-emotional process during psychotherapy. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195(2), 103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marci, C. D., & Orr, S. P. (2006). The effect of emotional distance on psychophysiologic concordance and perceived empathy between patient and interviewer. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 31(2), 115–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, S. (2000). Relationality: From attachment to intersubjectivity. New Jersey: Hillsdale Analytic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2011). Psychotherapy relationships that work II (Vol. 48, pp. 4). Washington, DC: Educational Publishing Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (Eds.). (2019). Psychotherapy relationships that work: Volume 1: Evidence-based therapist contributions. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, P. (2018). Polyvagal theory and sensorimotor psychotherapy. In S. Porges & D. Dana (Eds.), Clinical applications of the polyvagal theory: The emergence of polyvagal-informed therapies (pp. 34–49). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, P., & Goldstein, B. (2019). Sensorimotor psychotherapy from a distance: Engaging the body, creating presence, and building relationship in videoconferencing. In H. Weinberg & A. Rolnick (Eds.), Theory and practice of online therapy (pp. 47–65). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Oshni Alvandi, A. (2019). Cybertherapogy: A conceptual architecting of presence for counselling via technology. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 6(1), 30–45.
   Google Scholar
• Perls, F. S. (1970). Four lectures. In J. Fagan & I. L. Shepherd (Eds.), Gestalt therapy now: Theory, techniques, and applications (pp. 14–38). New York, NY: Harper Colophon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, B. S., Perrin, P. B., & McDonald, S. D. (2020). Demographic, organizational, and clinical practice predictors of U.S. psychologists’ use of telepsychology. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 51(2), 184–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porges, S. W. (1998). Love: An emergent property of the mammalian autonomic nervous system. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23(8), 837–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porges, S. W. (2011). The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Porges, S. W. (2018). Polyvagal Theory: A primer. In S. Porges & D. Dana (Eds.), Clinical applications of the polyvagal theory: The emergence of polyvagal-informed therapies (pp. 50–69). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Pos, A., Geller, S., & Oghene, J. (2011). Therapist presence, empathy, and the working alliance in experiential treatment for depression. Proceedings from SPR ’11: The 42nd Annual Meeting for Society for Psychotherapy Research. Bern, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• Quillman, T. (2012). Neuroscience and therapist self-disclosure: Deepening right brain to right brain communication between therapist and patient. Clinical Social Work Journal, 40(1), 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramseyer, F., & Tschacher, W. (2011). Nonverbal synchrony in psychotherapy: Coordinated body movement reflects relationship quality and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(3), 284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramseyer, F., & Tschacher, W. (2014). Nonverbal synchrony of head-and body-movement in psychotherapy: Different signals have different associations with outcome. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees, C. S., & Stone, S. (2005). Therapeutic alliance in face-to-face versus videoconferenced psychotherapy. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 36(6), 649–653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reik, T. (1948). Listening with the third ear. New York, NY: Farrar Straus.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, D. A. J., Stiles, W. B., & Grohol, J. M. (2006). An investigation of session impact and alliance in internet-based psychotherapy: Preliminary results. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 6(3), 164–168.
   Google Scholar
• Rossouw, P. J. (2013). The end of the medical model: Recent findings in neuroscience regarding antidepressant medication and the implications for neuropsychotherapy. [Departmental article]. Applied Neuropsychotherapy, Retrieved from http://www.neuropsychotherapist.com/the-end-of-the-medical-model/.
   Google Scholar
• Schoenenberg, K., Raake, A., & Koeppe, J. (2014). Why are you so slow? — Misattribution of transmission delay to attributes of the conversation partner at the far-end. International Journal of Human-computer Studies, 72(5), 477–487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schore, A. N. (2009). Right-brain affect regulation: An essential mechanism of development, trauma, dissociation, and psychotherapy. In D. Fosha, D. J. Siegal, & M. F. Solomon (Eds.), The healing power of emotion: Affective neuroscience, development & clinical practice (pp. 112–144). New York/London: W W Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Schore, A. N. (2012). The science of the art of psychotherapy (Norton series on interpersonal neurobiology). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Schultze, U. (2010). Embodiment and presence in virtual worlds: A review. Journal of Information Technology, 25(4), 434–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness–based cognitive therapy for depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, D. J. (1999). The developing mind. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, D. J. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel, D. J. (2010). The mindful therapist: A clinician’s guide to mindsight and neural integration (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, S. (2009). Psychotherapy via videoconferencing: A review. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 37(3), 271–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, S. G., & Reid, C. L. (2014). Therapeutic alliance in videoconferencing psychotherapy: A review. The Australian Journal of Rural Health, 22(6), 280–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöström, J., & Alfonsson, S. (2012). Supporting the therapist in online therapy. Proceedings from ECIS ’12: The 20th European Conference on Information Systems. Barcelona, Spain: AIS Electronic Library. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289165884_Supporting_the_therapist_n_online_therapy?enrichId=rgreq-71f42d9094fd1dd4ca7034c64b671e45-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI4OTE2NTg4NDtBUzo0NDA3NTg5MTUzNDIzMzdAMTQ4MjA5NjUyMjkzNw%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf
   Google Scholar
• Stern, D. (2004). The present moment in psychotherapy and every day life. New York, NY: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, G. (2018). Brain-empowered collaborators: Polyvagal perspectives on the doctor-patient relationships. In S. Porges & D. Dana (Eds.), Clinical applications of the polyvagal theory: The emergence of polyvagal-informed therapies (pp. 127–148). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Tuxbury, J. S. (2013). The experience of presence among telehealth nurses. Journal of Nursing Research, 21(3), 155–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varker, T., Brand, R., Ward, J., Terhaag, S., & Phelps, A. (2019). Efficacy of Synchronous telepsychology interventions for people with anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and adjustment disorder: A rapid evidence assessment. Psychological Services, 16(4), 621–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wray, B. T., & Rees, C. S. (2003). Is there a role for videoconferencing in cognitive–behavioural therapy. Proceedings from AACBT '03: The 11th National Conference on Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy. Perth, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Yontef, G. (2005). Gestalt therapy theory of change. In A. L. Woldt & S. M. Toman (Eds.), Gestalt therapy: History, theory, and practice (pp. 81–100). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar