Therapists’ questions to clients about what might be helpful can be supportive without being directive: a conversation analysis

References

• Bohart, A. C., & Tallman, K. (2010). Clients: The neglected common factor in psychotherapy. In B. Duncan, S. Miller, B. Wampold, & M. Hubble (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: Delivering what works (2nd ed., pp. 83–111). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12075-003
   Google Scholar
• Butler, C. W., Potter, J., Danby, S., Emmison, M., & Hepburn, A. (2010). Advice-implicative interrogatives: Building “client-centered” support in a children’s helpline. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(3), 265–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayman, S. E., & Heritage, J. (2002). The news interview: Journalists public figures on the air. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511613623
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., Dryden, W., Martin, K., & Papayianni, F. (2016) Metatherapeutic communication and shared decision-making. In M. Cooper & W. Dryden (Eds.), The handbook of pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy (pp. 42–54). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., & McLeod, J. (2011). Pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., & Norcross, J. C. (2016). A brief, multidimensional measure of clients’ therapy preferences: the cooper-norcross inventory of preferences (C-NIP). International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 16(1), 87–98. doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., van Rijn, B., Chryssafidou, E., & Stiles, W. B. (2021). Activity preferences in psychotherapy: What do patients want and how does this relate to outcomes and alliance? Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 1–24. doi:10.1080/09515070.2021.1877620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., Wild, C., van Rijn, B., Ward, T., McLeod, J., Cassar, S., … Sreenath, S. (2015). Pluralistic therapy for depression: Acceptability, outcomes and helpful aspects in a multisite study. Counselling Psychology Review, 30(1), 6–20. 0269–6975.
   Google Scholar
• Di Malta, G., Oddli, H. W., & Cooper, M. (2019). From intention to action: A mixed methods study of clients’ experiences of goal‐oriented practices. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 75(10), 1770–1789. doi:10.1002/jclp.22821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew, P., Walker, T., & Ogden, R. (2013). Self-repair and action construction. In M. Hayashi, G. Raymond, & J. Sidnell (Eds.), Conversational repair and human understanding (pp. 71–94). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511757464.003
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, E., Best, C., & Hagen, S. (2010). Shared decision making interventions for people with mental health conditions. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(1), CD007297. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007297.pub2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekberg, K., & LeCouteur, A. (2014). Co-implicating and re-shaping clients’ suggestions for behavioural change in cognitive behavioural therapy practice. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 11(1), 60–77. doi:10.1080/14780887.2012.709917
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliacin, J., Salyers, M. P., Kukla, M., & Matthias, M. S. (2015). Factors influencing patients’ preferences and perceived involvement in shared decision-making in mental health care. Journal of Mental Health, 24(1), 24–28. doi:10.3109/09638237.2014.954695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feo, R., & LeCouteur, A. (2017). Dealing with third-party complaints on a men’s relationship-counselling helpline. Discourse Studies, 19(2), 131–147. doi:10.1177/1461445617691701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., & Horvath, A. O. (2018). The alliance in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analytic synthesis. Psychotherapy, 55(4), 316–340. doi:10.1037/pst0000172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flückiger, C., Wüsten, G., Zinbarg, R., & Wampold, B. (2010). Resource activation: Using clients’ own strengths in psychotherapy and counseling. Hogrefe Publishing: Göttingen. ISBN: 9780889373785
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, A., Cooper, M., Rae, J., & Hayes, J. (2020). Clients‘ experiences of shared decision making in an integrative psychotherapy for depression. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 26(2), 559–568. doi:10.1111/jep.13320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayano. (2013). Question design in conversation. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 395–414). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118325001.ch19
   Google Scholar
• Hepburn, A., & Bolden, G. B. (2013). The conversation analytic approach to transcription. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 57–76). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118325001.ch4
   Google Scholar
• Heritage, J. (2012). Epistemics in action: Action formation and territories of knowledge. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 45(1), 1–29. doi:10.1080/08351813.2012.646684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O. (2018). Research on the alliance: Knowledge in search of a theory. Psychotherapy Research, 28(4), 499–516. doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1373204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson, G., & Lee, J. (1992). The rejection of advice: Managing the problematic convergence of a ‘troubles-telling’ and a ‘service-encounter’. In P. Drew & J. Heritage (Eds.), Talk at work: Interaction in institutional settings (pp. 521–548). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521376334
   Google Scholar
• Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp. 13–34). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. doi:10.1075/pbns.125.02jef
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacMartin, C. (2008). Resisting optimistic questions in narrative and solution-focused therapies. In A. Peräkylä, C. Antaki, S. Vehviläinen, & I. Leudar (Eds.), Conversation analysis and psychotherapy (pp. 80–99). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511490002.006
   Google Scholar
• Matthias, M. S., Salyers, M. P., & Frankel, R. M. (2013). Re-thinking shared decision-making: Context matters. Patient Education and Counseling, 91(2), 176–179. doi:10.1016/j.pec.2013.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod, J., & Cooper, M. (2012). A pluralistic approach to counselling and psychotherapy for depression: Treatment manual (V.1 ed.). Dundee: University of Abertay. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279534643_A_pluralistic_approach_to_counselling_and_psychotherapy_for_depression_Treatment_manual
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. (2013). Developing pluralistic practice in counselling and psychotherapy: Using what the client knows. The European Journal of Counselling Psychology, 2(1), 51–64. doi:10.5964/ejcop.v2i1.5
   Google Scholar
• Muntigl, P., Horvath, A. O., Chubak, L., & Angus, L. (2020). Getting to “yes”: Overcoming client reluctance to engage in chair work. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/2Ffpsyg.2020.582856
   Google Scholar
• Muntigl, P., & Horvath, A. O. (2014). The therapeutic relationship in action: How therapists and clients co-manage relational disaffiliation. Psychotherapy Research, 24(3), 327–345. doi:10.1080/10503307.2013.807525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntigl, P., Knight, N. K., & Angus, L. (2014). Targeting emotional impact in storytelling: Working with client affect in emotion-focused psychotherapy. Discourse Studies, 16(6), 753–775. doi:10.1177/1461445614546255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Cooper, M. (2021). Personalizing psychotherapy: Assessing and accommodating client preferences. Washington: APA. ISBN: 978-1-4338-3455-4
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Wampold, B. E. (2011). Evidence-based therapeutic relationships: Research conclusions and clinical practices. In J. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Evidence-based responsiveness (pp. 423–430). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.003.0021
   Google Scholar
• Oddli, H. W., McLeod, J., Reichelt, S., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2014). Strategies used by experienced therapists to explore client goals in early sessions of psychotherapy. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 16(3), 245–266. doi:10.1080/13642537.2014.927380
   Google Scholar
• Oddli, H. W., & Rønnestad, M. H. (2012). How experienced therapists introduce the technical aspects in the initial alliance formation: Powerful decision makers supporting clients’ agency. Psychotherapy Research, 22(2), 176–193. doi:10.1080/10503307.2011.633280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peräkylä, A., & Vehviläinen, S. (2003). Conversation analysis and the professional stocks of interactional knowledge. Discourse and Society, 14(6), 727–750. doi:10.1177/09579265030146003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peräkylä, A. (2004). Reliability and validity in research based on naturally occurring social interaction. In D. Silverman (Ed.), Qualitative research: Theory, method and practice (pp. 283–201). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pino, M. (2016). When assistance is not given: Disaffiliative responses to therapeutic community clients’ implicit requests. In M. O’Reilly & J. Lester (Eds.), The palgrave handbook of adult mental health (pp. 674–693). U.K: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/9781137496850_35
   Google Scholar
• Rennie, D. L. (1994). Clients’ deference in psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(4), 427–437. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.41.4.427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence organization in interaction: Volume 1: A primer in conversation analysis (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511791208
   Google Scholar
• Schoeb, V. (2014). Assumptions embedded in wh-questions: An interactional approach to the analysis of goal setting. Studies in Communication Sciences, 14(1), 68–77. doi:10.1016/j.scoms.2014.03.003
   Google Scholar
• Sidnell, J., & Stivers, T. (Eds.) (2013). The handbook of conversation analysis. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118325001
   Google Scholar
• Sidnell, J. (2013) Basic conversation analytic methods J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 77–99). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781118325001.ch5
   Google Scholar
• Silverman, D., & Peräkylä, A. (1990). AIDS counselling: The interactional organisation of talk about ‘delicate’ issues. Sociology of Health & Illness, 12(3), 293–318. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11347251
   Google Scholar
• Smoliak, O., MacMartin, C., Hepburn, A., Le Couteur, A., Elliott, R., & Quinn‐Nilas, C. (2021). Authority in therapeutic interaction: A conversation analytic study. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. doi:10.1111/jmft.12471
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, J. A., & Duncan, B. L. (2016) Client strengths and resources: Helping clients draw on what they already do best. In M. Cooper & W. Dryden (Eds.), The handbook of pluralistic counselling and psychotherapy (pp. 68–79). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2013). The variables problem and progress in psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 33–41. doi:10.1037/a0030569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiles, W. B. (2008) Foreword. Filling the gaps C. Antaki, A. Peräkylä, S. Vehviläinen, & I. Leuder (Eds.), Conversation analysis and psychotherapy (pp. 1–4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511490002.001
   Google Scholar
• Stokoe, E., & Sikveland, R. (2016). Formulating solutions in mediation. Journal of Pragmatics, 105, 101–113. doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2016.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokoe, E. (2014). The conversation analytic role-play method (CARM): A method for training communication skills as an alternative to simulated role-play. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 47(3), 255–265. doi:10.1080/08351813.2014.925663
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., Callahan, J. L., Cooper, M., & Parkin, S. R. (2018). The impact of accommodating client preference in psychotherapy: A meta‐analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 1924–1937. doi:10.1002/jclp.22680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., Callahan, J. L., Cooper, M., & Parkin, S. R. (2019). Preferences. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (3rd ed., pp. 157–187). NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.003.0015
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, L., Howes, C., & McCabe, R. (2016). Effect of questions used by psychiatrists on therapeutic alliance and adherence. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(1), 40–47. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.151910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, L., & McCabe, R. (2018). How psychiatrists recommend treatment and its relationship with patient uptake. Health Communication, 33(11), 1345–1354. doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1350916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toerien, M., Shaw, R., & Reuber, M. (2013). Initiating decision‐making in neurology consultations: ‘recommending’ versus ‘option‐listing’ and the implications for medical authority. Sociology of Health & Illness, 35(6), 873–890. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tompkins, K. A., Swift, J. K., & Callahan, J. L. (2013). Working with clients by incorporating their preferences. Psychotherapy, 50(3), 279–283. doi:10.1037/a0032031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trusty, W. T., Penix, E. A., Dimmick, A. A., & Swift, J. K. (2019). Shared decision‐making in mental and behavioural health interventions. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 25(6), 1210–1216. doi:10.1111/jep.13255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollmer, B., Grote, J., Lange, R., & Walker, C. (2009). A therapy preferences interview: Empowering clients by offering choices. Psychotherapy Bulletin, 44(2), 33–37. https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2009-Psychotherapy-Bulletin-Volume-44-Number-2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Voutilainen, L., Peräkylä, A., & Ruusuvuori, J. (2010). Recognition and interpretation: Responding to emotional experience in psychotherapy. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 43(1), 85–107. doi:10.1080/08351810903474799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls, J., McLeod, J., & McLeod, J. (2016). Client preferences in counselling for alcohol problems: A qualitative investigation. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 16(2), 109–118. doi:10.1002/capr.12064
   Google Scholar