Failure in psychotherapy: a qualitative comparative study from the perspective of patients diagnosed with depression

References

• Arnow, B. A., Blasey, C., Manber, R., Constantino, M. J., Markowitz, J. C., Klein, D. N., Rush, A. J. (2007). Dropouts versus completers among chronically depressed outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 97(1–3), 197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, M. S., Chua, W. J., Crits-Christoph, P., Gibbons, M. B., & Thompson, D. (2008). Early withdrawal from mental health treatment: implications for psychotherapy practice. Psychotherapy, 45(2), 247–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4(6), 561–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk, M., & Parker, G. (2009). The elephant on the couch: side-effects of psychotherapy. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(9), 787–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bui, E., Simon, N. M., Robinaugh, D. J., Leblanc, N. J., Wang, Y., Skritskaya, N. A., … Shear, M. K. (2013). Periloss dissociation, symptom severity, and treatment response in complicated grief. Depression and Anxiety, 30(2), 123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busmann, M., Wrege, J., Meyer, A. H., Ritzler, F., Schmidlin, M., Lang, U. E., … Euler, S. (2019). Alternative model of personality disorders (DSM-5) predicts dropout in inpatient psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(APR), 1–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conrad, A. (2009). Ein verhängnisvolles Zusammenspiel. Misslungene Psychotherapie aus Klientensicht [ Doctoral dissertation, Freien Universität Berlin]. 10.17169/refubium-6546
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, A. A., Kline, A. C., Baier, A. L., & Feeny, N. C. (2018). Rethinking research on prediction and prevention of psychotherapy dropout: a mechanism-oriented approach. Behavior Modification, 1–24. doi:10.1177/0145445518792251
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, A. A., Strunk, D. R., Ryan, E. T., DeRubeis, R. J., Hollon, S. D., & Gallop, R. (2016). The therapeutic alliance and therapist adherence as predictors of dropout from cognitive therapy for depression when combined with antidepressant medication. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 50, 113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Haan, A. M., Boon, A. E., Vermeiren, R. R. J. M., Hoeve, M., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2015). Ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and problem severity as dropout risk factors in psychotherapy with youth. Child and Youth Care Forum, 44(1), 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet, M. M., Meganck, R., Truijens, F., De Geest, R., Cornelis, S., Norman, U. A., & Desmet, M. (2020). Change processes underlying “good outcome”: A qualitative study on recovered and improved patients’ experiences in psychotherapy for major depression. Psychotherapy Research, 30(7), 948–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet, M. M., Meganck, R., Van Nieuwenhove, K., Truijens, F. L., & Desmet, M. (2019). No change? A grounded theory analysis of depressed patients’ perspectives on non-improvement in psychotherapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(MAR), 1–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elliot, M., & Williams, D. (2003). The client experience of counselling and psychotherapy. Counselling Psychology Review, 18(1), 34–38.
   Google Scholar
• Erb, S. L. (1993). The deterioration process in psychotherapy: A qualitative study of clients’ negative psychotherapy experiences. US Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(4–B), 2195.
   Google Scholar
• Flick, U. (2014). An introduction to qualitative resarch (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G. & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Hawthorne, N.Y.: Aldine de Gruyter. ISBN 9780202302607
   Google Scholar
• Glass, C. R., & Arnkoff, D. B. (2000). Consumers’ perspectives on helpful and hindering factors in mental health treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(11), 1467–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, N. B., Lambert, M. J., & Forman, E. M. (2002). The psychotherapy dose-response effect and its implications for treatment delivery services. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 9(3), 329–343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, G. E., Bishop-Edwards, L., Chambers, E., Connell, J., Dent-Brown, K., Kothari, G., … Parry, G. D. (2019). Risk factors for negative experiences during psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 29(3), 403–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E. (2010). Qualitative studies of negative experiences in psychotherapy. In J. C. Muran & J. P. Barber (Eds.), The therapeutic alliance: an evidence-based guide to practice (pp. 63–73). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Chui, H., & Baumann, E. (2013). Revisando y revisando el problema de los resultados en la psicoterapia: Un argumento para incluir la medición individualizada y cualitativa. Psicoterapia, 50(1), 68–76.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., Cogar, M. C., & Denman, D. W. (1993). Beneath the surface of long-term therapy: therapist and client report of their own and each other’s covert processes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40(3), 278–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., Hess, S. A., Knox, S., Williams, E. N., & Ladany, N. (2005). Consensual qualitative research: an update. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52(2), 196–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgetts, A., & Wright, J. (2007). Researching clients’ experiences: A review of qualitative studies. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14(3), 157–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollon, S. D. (1995). Failure in psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 5(2), 171–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundt, N. E., Ecker, A. H., Thompson, K., Helm, A., Smith, T. L., Stanley, M. A., & Cully, J. A. (2018). “It didn’t fit for me:” a qualitative examination of dropout from prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy in veterans. Psychological Services, 17(4), 414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, P. (1984). Responses to marriage counselling. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 12(1), 72–83.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, H., & Eklund, M. (2006). Helping alliance and early dropout from psychiatric out-patient care: the influence of patient factors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(2), 140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, J., McIntosh, V. V. W., Carter, F. A., Joyce, P. R., Frampton, C. M. A., Luty, S. E., … Bulik, C. M. (2017). Predictors of premature termination from psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa: Low treatment credibility, early therapy alliance, and self-transcendence. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50(8), 979–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegel, A. F., & Flückiger, C. (2015). Predicting psychotherapy dropouts: a multilevel approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 22(5), 377–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knox, S., Schlosser, L. Z., Pruitt, N. T., & Hill, C. E. (2006). A qualitative examination of graduate advising relationships: the advisor perspective. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(4), 489–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kottler, J. A., & Blau, D. S. (1989). The imperfect therapist: Learning from Failure in therapeutic practice. Jossey-Bass Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Krause, M. (2005). Psicoterapia y cambio. Una mirada desde la subjetividad. Santiago de Chile: Ediciones Universidad Católica.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (2013). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Goldfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (6th ed., pp. 169–218). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J & Ogles, B. M. (2004). The efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Goldfield’s Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (5th ed., pp. 139–193). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lampropoulos, G. K. (2011). Failure in psychotherapy: an introduction. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(11), 1093–1095.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., … Dunbar, G. C. (1997). The mini international neuropsychiatric interview (mini). a short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry, 12(5), 224–231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lester, K., Resick, P. A., Young-Xu, Y., & Artz, C. (2010). Impact of race on early treatment termination and outcomes in posttraumatic stress disorder treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(4), 480–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, H. M., Pomerville, A., & Surace, F. I. (2016). A Qualitative meta-analysis examining clients’ experiences of psychotherapy: A new agenda. Psychological Bulletin, 142(8), 801–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Løvgren, A., Røssberg, J. I., Engebretsen, E., & Ulberg, R. (2020). Improvement in psychodynamic psychotherapy for depression: A qualitative study of the patients’ perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElvaney, J., & Timulak, L. (2013). Clients’ experience of therapy and its outcomes in “good” and “poor” outcome psychological therapy in a primary care setting: An exploratory study. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 13(4), 246–253.
   Google Scholar
• Minsal. (2010). Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. Ministerio de Salud de Chile. http://www.repositoriodigital.minsal.cl/handle/2015/601
   Google Scholar
• Mohr, D. C. (1995). Negative outcome in psychotherapy: A critical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2(1), 1–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Lambert, M. J. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work. evidence-based responsiveness (2nd ed., pp. 3–24). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe, S., Martin, P., Goodyer, I. M., Wilkinson, P., Consortium, I., & Midgley, N. (2018). Predicting dropout in adolescents receiving therapy for depression. Psychotherapy Research, 28(5), 708–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keeffe, S., Martin, P., Target, M., & Midgley, N. (2019). “I just stopped going”: A mixed methods investigation into types of therapy dropout in adolescents with depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(FEB), 1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications. https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-research-evaluation-methods/book232962#preview
   Google Scholar
• Ravitz, P., McBride, C., & Maunder, R. (2011). Failures in interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT): factors related to treatment resistances. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67(11), 1129–1139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regan, A. M., & Hill, C. E. (1992). Investigation of what clients and counselors do not say in brief therapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39(2), 168–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie, D. L. (1994). Clients’ deference in psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(4), 427–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos, J., & Werbart, A. (2013). Therapist and relationship factors influencing dropout from individual psychotherapy: A literature review. Psychotherapy Research, 23(4), 394–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubel, J. A., & Lutz, W. (2017). How, when, and why do people change through psychological interventions?— patient-focused psychotherapy research. In T. Tilden & B. E. Wampold (Eds.), Routine outcome monitoring in couple and family therapy (pp. 227–243). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50675-3_13
   Google Scholar
• Samstag, L. W., Muran, J. C., Wachtel, P. L., Slade, A., Safran, J. D., & Winston, A. (2008). Evaluating negative process: A comparison of working alliance, interpersonal behavior, and narrative coherency among three psychotherapy outcome conditions. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 62(2), 165–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoenherr, D., Paulick, J., Strauss, B. M., Deisenhofer, A. K., Schwartz, B., Rubel, J. A., … Altmann, U. (2019). Nonverbal synchrony predicts premature termination of psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy, 56(4), 503–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. C. (2004). The client’s helical path: A grounded theory of unsuccessful therapy experiences. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 64( 9-B), 4635.
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood, T. (2001). Client experience in psychotherapy: what heals and what harms? Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 1(2), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Strupp, H. H., & Hadley, S. W. (1977). A tripartite model of mental health and therapeutic outcomes. with special reference to negative effects in psychotherapy. The American Psychologist, 32(3), 187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strupp, H. H., Hadley, S. W., & Gomez-Schwartz, B. (1977). Psychotherapy for better or worse: the problem of negative effects. New York: Jason Aronson.
   Google Scholar
• Summers, F., & Barber, J. P. (2010). Psychodynamic therapy: a guide to evidenced-based practice. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., & Greenberg, R. P. (2012). Premature discontinuation in adult psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80(4), 547–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., & Parkin, S. R. (2017). Psychodynamic therapy: A guide to evidence-based practice. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. M. (1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Szafranski, D. D., Snead, A., Allan, N. P., Gros, D. F., Killeen, T., Flanagan, J., … Back, S. E. (2017). Integrated, exposure-based treatment for PTSD and comorbid substance use disorders: predictors of treatment dropout. Addictive Behaviors, 73, 30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (2016). Introduction: go to the people. In S. J. Taylor, R. Bogdan, & M. L. DeVault (Eds.), Introduction to qualitative research methods: a guidebook and resource (4th ed., pp. 3–28). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Wampold, B. E. (2001). The great psychotherapy debate: models, methods, and findings. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Werbart, A., Andersson, H., & Sandell, R. (2014). Dropout revisited: patient- and therapist-initiated discontinuation of psychotherapy as a function of organizational instability. Psychotherapy Research, 24(6), 724–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werbart, A., von Below, C., Brun, J., & Gunnarsdottir, H. (2015). “Spinning one’s wheels”: nonimproved patients view their psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 25(5), 546–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wierzbicki, M., & Pekarik, G. (1993). A meta-analysis of psychotherapy dropout. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 24(2), 190–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M., Martinez, J., Attiullah, N., Friedman, M., Toba, C., & Boerescu, D. A. (2012a). Symptom differences between depressed outpatients who are in remission according to the hamilton depression rating scale who do and do not consider themselves to be in remission. Journal of Affective Disorders, 142(1–3), 77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M., Martinez, J., Attiullah, N., Friedman, M., Toba, C., & Boerescu, D. A. (2012b). Why do some depressed outpatients who are not in remission according to the Hamilton depression rating scale nonetheless consider themselves to be in remission? Depression and Anxiety, 29(10), 891–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M., McGlinchey, J. B., Posternak, M. A., Friedman, M., Boerescu, D., & Attiullah, N. (2008). Remission in depressed outpatients: more than just symptom resolution? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 42(10), 797–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann, D., Rubel, J., Page, A. C., & Lutz, W. (2017). Therapist effects on and predictors of non-consensual dropout in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24(2), 312–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar