Critical race life course perspective theory: a framework for understanding racism over the life course

References

• Banks, M. (2001). Visual methods in social research. London: Sage.10.4135/9780857020284
   Google Scholar
• Bell, D. (1989). Race, racism, and American law. New York, NY: Aspen Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Berkel, C., Murry, V. M., Hurt, T. R., Chen, Y., Brody, G. H., Simons, R. L., … Gibbons, F. X. (2008). It takes a village: Protecting rural African American youth in the context of racism. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(2), 175–188. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9346-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonilla-Silva, E. (2001). What is racism: The racialized social system framework. In E. Bonilla-Silva (Ed.), White supremacy and racism in the post-civil rights era (pp. 21–58). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Boykin, A. W., & Toms, F. D. (1985). Black child socialization. A conceptual framework. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33–51). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T. N., & Lesane-Brown, C. L. (2006). Race socialization messages across historical time. Social Psychology Quarterly, 69(2), 201–213.10.1177/019027250606900205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. L., Linver, M. R., Evans, M., & DeGenarro, D. (2009). African-American parents’ racial and ethnic socialization and adolescent academic grades: Teasing out the role of gender, 38(2), 214–227.
   Google Scholar
• Burt, C. H., Simons, R. L., & Gibbons, F. X. (2012). Racial discrimination, ethnic-racial socialization, and crime: A micro-sociological model of risk and resilience. American Sociological Review, 77(4), 648–677. doi:10.1177/0003122412448648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughy, M. O., Nettles, M. S., & Lima, J. (2010). Profiles of racial socialization among African American parents: Correlates, context, and outcome. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 20, 291–502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughy, M. O., Nettles, M. S., O’Campo, P. J., & Lohrfink, K. F. (2006). Neighborhood matters: Racial socialization of African American children. Journal of child development, 77(5), 1220–1236.10.1111/cdev.2006.77.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughy, M. O., O’Campo, P. J., Randolph, S. M., & Nickerson, K. (2002). The influence of racial socialization practices on the cognitive and behavioral competence of African American preschoolers. Child Development, 73, 1611–1625.10.1111/cdev.2002.73.issue-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, S. (2009). Post-racialism. Iowa Law Review, 94, 1591–1649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen, J. (1995). American lives: Looking back at the children of the great depression. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Coard, S. I., Wallace, S. A., Stevenson, H. C., & Brotman, L. M. (2004). Towards culturally relevant preventative interventions: The consideration of racial socialization in parent training with African American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13(3), 277–293.10.1023/B:JCFS.0000022035.07171.f8
   Google Scholar
• Coates, T. (2012, September). Fear of a black president. The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/09/fear-of-a-black-president/309064/
   Google Scholar
• Coates, T. (2015). Between the world and me (1st ed.). New York, NY: Spiegel & Grau.
   Google Scholar
• Constantine, M. G., & Blackmon, S. M. (2002). Black adolescents’ racial socialization experiences: Their relations to home, school, and peer self-esteem. Journal of Black Studies, 32(3), 322–335.10.1177/002193470203200303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copeland-Linder, N., Lambert, S. F., Chen, Y.-F., & Ialongo, N. S. (2011). Contextual stress and health risk behaviors among African American adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(2), 158–173. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9520-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, G. Y., & Stevenson, H. C. (2006). Racial socialization experiences and symptoms of depression among Black youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(3), 293–307. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9039-8
   Google Scholar
• DiAquoi, R. (in press). Symbols in the strangefruit seeds: What the talk Black parents have with their sons tells us about racism. Harvard Educational Review.
   Google Scholar
• Dixson, A. D., & Rousseau, C. K. (2006). Critical race theory in education: All God’s children got a song. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Elder, G. H., Jr. (1974). Children of the great depression: Social change in life experience. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ( Reissued as 25th Anniversary Edition, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999).
   Google Scholar
• Elder, G. H., & Meguro, Y. (1987). Wartime in men’s lives: A comparative study of American and Japanese cohorts. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 10(4), 439–466.10.1177/016502548701000405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fear of a Black planet. (1990). Fear of a Black planet [Recorded by public enemy]. On Fear of a Black planet [Studio Album]. Hempstead: Def Jam, Columbia. (March 20, 1990)
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, C. B., Wallace, S. A., & Fenton, R. E. (2000). Discrimination distress during adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(6), 679–695.10.1023/A:1026455906512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frabutt, J. M., Walker, A. M., & MacKinnon-Lewis, C. (2002). Racial socialization messages and the quality of mother/child interactions in African American families. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 22(2), 200–217. doi:10.1177/0272431602022002004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee, G. C., Walsemann, K. M., & Brondolo, E. (2012). A life course perspective on how racism may be related to health inequities. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 967–974. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giele, J. A., & Elder, G. H., Jr. (Eds.). (1998). Methods of life course research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gilliam, W., Maupin, A., Reyes, C., Accavitti, M., & Shic, F. (2016). Do early educators’ implicit biases regarding sex and race relate to behavior expectations and recommendations of preschool expulsions and suspensions? Retrieved from http://ziglercenter.yale.edu/publications/Preschool%20Implicit%20Bias%20Policy%20Brief_final_9_26_276766_5379.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Goff, P. A., Jackson, M. C., Di Leone, B. A. L., Culotta, C. M., & DiTomasso, N. A. (2014). The essence of innocence: Consequences of dehumanizing Black children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 106(4), 526–545. doi:10.1037/a0035663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. (1981). Theory of communicative action, volume two: Lifeworld and system: A critique of functionalist reason. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hansberry, L. (1964). The Black revolution and the white backlash. In C. Ellis & S. Drury (Eds.), Say it loud: Great speeches on civil rights and African American identity (pp. 19–24). New York, NY: New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, D. (2003). Correlates of African American and Latino parents’ messages to children about ethnicity and race: A comparative study of racial socialization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 15–33.10.1023/A:1023066418688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1(4), 200–214.10.1207/s1532480xads0104_4
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, D., Smith, E. P., Stevenson, H. C., Rodriguez, J., Johnson, D. J., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parent’ ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of the research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42(5), 747–770.10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.747
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitwana, B. (2002). The hip hop generation: Young Blacks and the crisis in African American culture. New York, NY: Basic Civitas Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kroger, J. (2006). Identity development: Adolescence through adulthood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. ( Director) (1989). Do the right thing [Motion picture]. New York, NY: Universal.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. L. (1999). Hair combing interactions: A new paradigm for research with African-American mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69(4), 504–514.10.1037/h0080398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loehmann, T. (2015, November 30). Officer Loehmann statement. Retrieved from http://prosecutor.cuyahogacounty.us/pdf_prosecutor/en-US/Tamir%20Rice%20Investigation/Officer%20Loehmann%20Statement.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Masko, A. L. (2005). “I Think about it all the time”: A 12-year-old girl’s internal crisis with racism and the effects on her mental health. The Urban Review, 37(4), 329–350. doi:10.1007/s11256-005-0014-2
   Google Scholar
• McFadden, R. (1986, December 21). Black man dies after beating by whites in Queens. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1986/12/21/nyregion/black-man-dies-after-beating-by-whites-in-queens.html?pagewanted=all
   Google Scholar
• Moustakas, C. (1994). Phenomenological research methods. London: Sage.10.4135/9781412995658
   Google Scholar
• Neal, M. A. (1999). What the music said: Black popular music and black popular culture. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Neblett, E. W., Jr., Smalls, C. P., Ford, K. R., Nguyen, H. X., & Sellers, R. M. (2009). Racial socialization and racial identity: African American parents’ messages about race as precursors to identity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 189–203.10.1007/s10964-008-9359-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradies, Y., Ben, J., Denson, N., Elias, A., Priest, N., Pieterse, A., … Gee, G. (2015). Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0138511
   Google Scholar
• Pérez Huber, L., & Solorzano, D. G. (2015). Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research. Race Ethnicity and Education, 18(3), 297–320.10.1080/13613324.2014.994173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, M. F. (2002). Racial socialization of Black children. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 57–72). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), 499–514. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raab, S. (1985, April 13). State judge dismisses indictment of officer in the Bumpurs killing. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/13/nyregion/state-judge-dismisses-indictment-of-officer-in-the-bumpurs-killing.html?pagewanted=all
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritterhouse, L. (2006). Growing up Jim Crow: How black and white southern children learned race. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.10.5149/uncp/9780807856840
   Google Scholar
• Romero, A. J., & Roberts, R. E. (1998). Perception of discrimination and ethnocultural variables in a diverse group of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 21, 641–656.10.1006/jado.1998.0185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton, E. K., Yip, T., & Sellers, R. M. (2009). A longitudinal examination of racial identity and racial discrimination among African American adolescents. Child Development, 80(2), 406–417. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01268.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for researchers in education and the social sciences (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Teacher’s College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Solorzano, D. G. (1998). Critical race theory, racial and gender microaggressions, and the experiences of Chicana and Chicano scholars. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 11, 121–136.10.1080/095183998236926
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B. (2006). Phenomenology and ecological systems theory: Development of diverse groups. In R. M. Lerner & W. Damon (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (pp. 830–888). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer, M. B., Dupree, D., & Hartmann, T. (1997). A phenomenological variant of ecological systems theory (PVEST): A self-organization perspective in context. Development and Psychopathology, null, 9(4), 817–833. http://doi.org/null
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, H. C., Davis, G., & Abdul-Kabir, S. (2001). Stickin’ to, watchin’ over, and getting’ with: An African American parent’s guide to discipline. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, D. P., Cunningham, M., & Spencer, M. B. (2003). Black males’ structural conditions, achievement patterns, normative needs, and “opportunities”. Urban Education, 38(5), 608–633. doi:10.1177/0042085903256218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornton, M. C. (1998). Indigenous resources and strategies of resistance; Informal caregiving and racial socialization in Black communities. In H. I. Mc Cubbin, E. A. Thompson, A. I. Thompson, & J. A. Futrell (Eds.), Resiliency in African-American families (pp. 49–66). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, A., Thiem, K., & Neel, R. (2016). Does seeing faces of young Black boys facilitate the identification of threatening stimuli? Psychological Science, 27(3), 384–393.10.1177/0956797615624492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong, K. A., Museus, S. D., & Maguire, K. M. (2015). Vicarious racism: A qualitative analysis of experiences with secondhand racism in graduate education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 29(2), 224–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umana-Taylor, A. J., & Fine, M. A. (2004). Examining ethnic identity among Mexican-origin adolescents living in the United States. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 36–59.10.1177/0739986303262143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Education Office of Civil Rights. (2014). p. 30.
   Google Scholar
• Ward, J. V. (2000). The skin we’re in: Teaching our children to be emotionally strong, socially smart and spiritually connected. New York, NY: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yosso, T. J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 8(1), 69–91.10.1080/1361332052000341006
   Google Scholar