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Original Articles

Physical culture and sport in schools in England and Wales, 1900–40

Pages 54-75 | Published online: 07 Mar 2007

Notes

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  • McIntosh , P.C. , Dixon , J.G. , Munrow , A.D. and Willetts , R.F. 1957 . Landmarks in the History of Physical Education London
  • Smith , W.D. 1974 . Stretching Their Bodies: A History of Physical Education London
  • Fletcher , S. 1984 . Women First: The Female Tradition in English Physical Education 1880–1980 London
  • Mangan , J.A. 1981 . Athleticism in the Victorian and Edwardian Public School Cambridge
  • Mangan , J.A. and Walvin , J. , eds. 1987 . Manliness and Morality: Middle‐class Masculinity in Britain and America 1800–1940 Manchester
  • Webster , C. 1983 . “ ‘The Health of the School Child During the Depression’ ” . In The Fitness of the Nation ‐ Physical and Health Education in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Edited by: Parry , N. and McNair , D. 70 – 85 . Leicester
  • Welshman , J. 1996 . ‘Physical Education and the School Medical Service in England and Wales, 1907–1939’ . Social History of Medicine , 9 ( 1 ) : 31 – 48 .
  • Holt , R. 1989, 1990 . Sport and the British: A Modern History , paperback edn. 344 – 5 . Oxford
  • Grant , M. 1990 . “ ‘The National Health Campaigns of 1937–1938’ ” . In Cities, Class and Communication: Essays in Honour of Asa Briggs Edited by: Fraser , D. 217 – 33 . Hemel Hempstead
  • O'Donoghue , T.A. 1986 . ‘Sport, Recreation and Physical Education: The Evolution of a National Policy of Regeneration in Eire, 1926–48’ . British Journal of Sports History , 3 ( 2 ) : 216 – 33 .
  • Bernett , H. 1988 . ‘National Socialist Physical Education as Reflected in British Appeasement Policy’ . Internationaljournal of the History of Sport , 5 ( 2 ) : 161 – 84 .
  • Meinander , H. 1992 . ‘Towards a Bourgeois Manhood: Nordic Views and Visions of Physical Education for Boys, 1860–1930’ . International Journal of the History of Sport , 9 ( 3 ) : 337 – 55 .
  • Armstrong , D. 1983 . Political Anatomy of the Body: Medical Knowledge in Britain in the Twentieth Century 34 – 5 . Cambridge
  • Vertinsky , P. 1994 . ‘The Social Construction of the Gendered Body: Exercise and the Exercise of Power’ . International Journal of the History of Sport , 11 ( 2 ) : 147 – 71 .
  • Kirk , D. 1996 . ‘Foucault and the Limits of Corporeal Regulation: The Emergence, Consolidation and Decline of School Medical Inspection and Physical Training in Australia, 1909–30’ . International Journal of the History of Sport , 13 ( 2 ) : 114 – 31 .
  • Report of the Royal Commission on Physical Training 37 Scotland
  • Hurt , J. S. 1977 . “ ‘Drill, Discipline and the Elementary School Ethos’ ” . In Popular Education and Socialization in the Nineteenth Century Edited by: McCann , W. P. 167 – 91 . London
  • Gorst , J. E. 1906 . The Children of the Nation: How Their Health and Vigour Should be Promoted by the State 212 London
  • Grenfell , F. H. 1909 . ‘Physical Training in the Colleges’, Training College Record , 1 ( 2 ) : 70 – 5 .
  • Board of Education . 1933 . Health of the School Child: Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer to the Board of Education, 1932 80 London
  • Board of Education . 1938 . Health of the School Child, 1937 37 London
  • Board of Education . 1940 . Health of the School Child, 1938 30 London
  • Board of Education . 1929 . Health of the School Child, 1928 41 – 2 . London
  • Board of Education . 1934 . Health of the School Child, 1933 39 London
  • Simon , E.D. and Inman , J. 1935 . The Rebuilding of Manchester 130 London
  • Board of Education . 1927 . Health of the School Child, 1926 85 London
  • Pearson , B.H. 1928 . ‘Memorandum’ . 16 July
  • Hannington , W. 1937 . The Problem of the Distressed Areas 260 London
  • Crowley , R.H. 1909 . The Hygiene of School Life , new edn. 226 London 1910
  • Burn , A.M. 1911 . ‘Clothing of School Children in Relation to Physique and Physical Exercise’ . Medical Officer , 6 : 277 – 8 .
  • Board of Education . 1925 . Syllabus of Physical Training for Schools, 1919 213 – 14 . London
  • Eichholz , A. , Underwood , J. E. and Jones , A. F. Birch . 1928 . ‘South Wales Mining Areas’ . 11 Jan. : 12
  • Board of Education, Circular 1450 . 1936 . Clothing and Shoes for Physical Training , 20 Oct. : 2 – 3 .
  • Maudslay , C.W. 1937 . ‘Provision of Boots for School Children’ . 26 June
  • 1938 . Medical Officer , : 220
  • Herd , H. 1937 . ‘Physical Education’ . Public Health , 50 : 251 – 7 .
  • Board of Education . 1929 . Health of the School Child, 1928 157 London table XVIII
  • Board of Education . 1940 . Health of the School Child, 1938 68 London table XV
  • PEP [Political and Economic Planning] . 1937 . Report on the British Health Services: A Study of the Existing Health Services in Great Britain with Proposals for Future Development 350 London
  • Herbert , S.M. 1939 . Britain's Health 145 Harmondsworth
  • Ministry of Education . 1947 . Health of the School Child, 1939–45 9 114 – 19 . London
  • Shee , G.F. 1903 . ‘The Deterioration in the National Physique’ . Nineteenth Century and After , 53 : 804
  • Trippel , H.F. 1903 . ‘National Physique and National Training’ . New Liberal Review , 5 : 389
  • Graves , A.P. 1904 . ‘Physical Education in Primary Schools’ . Contemporary Review , : 898
  • Russell , C.E.B. 1905 . Manchester Boys: Sketches of Manchester Lads at Work and Play 79 Manchester
  • Report of the Royal Commission on Physical Training 35 – 8 . Scotland
  • Report of the Inter‐Departmental Committee on Physical Deterioration 74 – 5 . 91
  • Cantlie , J. 1906 . Physical Efficiency: A Review of the Deleterious Effects of Town Life Upon the Population of Britain, With Suggestions for their Arrest 213 London
  • Horsfall , T.C. 1906 . The Influence on National Life of Military Training in Schools 6 London
  • Herringham , W.P. 1906 . On Physical Training in Schools 7 – 8 . London
  • Baden‐Powell , R. 1908 . Scouting for Boys 272 London
  • Kelynack , T.N. , ed. 1911 . School Life 61 – 2 . London
  • Roper , R.A. , ed. 1911 . Organised Play at Home and Abroad: Physical Recreation for Elementary School Children out of School Hours 37 London
  • Board of Education . 1927 . Health of the School Child, 1926 81 London
  • Board of Education . 1927 . Physical Training Series No. 12: Syllabus of Physical Training for Schools. Supplement for Older Girls 5 London
  • Board of Education . 1934 . Health of the School Child, 1933 33 London
  • 1935 . Daily Mail , 18 Jan.
  • Darby , W. Evans . 1890 . Military Drill in Schools: A Paper Prepared for the Universal Peace Congress, 1890 7 London
  • Almond , H.H. 1893 . ‘Football as a Moral Agent’ . Nineteenth Century , 34 : 904
  • Cantlie , J. 1902 . ‘The Health of the People’ . Practitioner , LXVIII : 276
  • Trippel . ‘National Physique and National Training’ . 388
  • Paterson , A. Across the Bridges: Or Life by the South London Riverside 103 London
  • Roper . Organised Play at Home and Abroad 10
  • Mackenzie , W.L. 1906 . The Health of the School Child 44 London
  • Bennett , N.B. 1904 . ‘Dental Hygiene and the National Physique’ . British Dental Journal , XXV : 688
  • Crowley . Hygiene of School Life 229
  • 1922 . Special Services of Elementary Education , 5 July : 2
  • Board of Education . 1929 . Health of the School Child, 1928 44 London
  • Board of Education . 1933 . Health of the School Child, 1932 89 London
  • Board of Education . 1933 . Syllabus of Physical Training for Schools 6 – 7 . London
  • Board of Education . 1936 . Health of the School Child, 1935 50 – 2 . London
  • Board of Education, Circular 1445 . 13 Jan. 1936 . Physical Education 13 Jan. , 2
  • 1937 . Hansard , 322 ( 85 ) 7 April : 201
  • Williams , M. 1933 . ‘The Need of Co‐Operation Between the Medical Service and the Organiser of Physical Training’ . Medical Officer , 50 : 171
  • British Medical Association . 1936 . Report of the Physical Education Committee 37 43 London
  • Herd . “ ‘Physical Education’ ” . 251
  • 1937 . The Nation's Health . The Times , : 73 London
  • Gorst . Children of the Nation 202
  • 1937 . ‘Physical Training and Recreation Bill and the Question of Nutrition’ . 7 April
  • 1937 . Hansard , 322 ( 85 ) 7 April : 202 211 230 267
  • 1936 . ‘Physical Training and Nutrition’ . 11 Oct. : 1 – 2 .
  • 1938 . ‘Formation of Medical Committee’ . 24 May
  • 1936 . The Times , 6 Oct.
  • 1937 . ‘Physical Training’ . 22 April
  • Hannington . Problem of the Distressed Areas , 79 – 84 .
  • Green , M. 1938 . School Feeding in England and Wales 1 – 2 . London
  • National Union of Teachers . 1938 . The School Health Services: Their Initiation, Growth and Character 43 London
  • Clark , F. Le Gros and Titmuss , R. 1939 . Our Food Problem: A Study of National Security 101 Harmondsworth
  • Reaney , G. Sale . 1900 . ‘The Civil and Moral Effects of Drill’ . Nineteenth Century , 47 : 399
  • Shee . ‘Deterioration in the National Physique’ . 798
  • Gorst . Children of the Nation 207
  • Ministry of Health . 1934 . On the State of the Public Health: Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer to the Ministry of Health 254 London
  • Semashko , N.A. 1934 . Health Protection in the U.S.S.R. 60 – 2 . London
  • Lelean , P.S. 1936 . ‘National Physical Unfitness and Some Remedies’ . Medical Officer , : 113 – 15 .
  • Board of Education . 1937 . Physical Education in Germany 75 – 8 . London
  • Newman , G. 1939 . The Building of a Nation's Health 262 London
  • Board of Education, Circular 1444 . 1936 . Administrative Programme of Educational Development , 6 Jan.
  • The Nation ‘s Health . The Times , 114
  • 1936 . Hansard , 314 ( 119 ) 8 July : 1318
  • 1936 . Leicester Mercury , 17 Oct.
  • 1937 . Hansard , 322 ( 85 ) 7 April : 199 – 257 .
  • PEP . Report on the British Health Services 350
  • Grenfell , F.H. 1939 . ‘Physical Training’ . 13 Jan.
  • President . 1939 . ‘Future Policy for the Promotion of Physical Training and Recreation in England and Wales’ . 19 July : 7

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