Aggregation error of the material footprint: the case of the EU

References

• Blin, J.-M., & Cohen, C. (1977). Technological similarity and aggregation in input–output systems: A cluster-analytic approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 59(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.2307/1924907
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouwmeester, M. C., & Oosterhaven, J. (2013). Specification and aggregation errors in environmentally extended input–output models. Environmental and Resource Economics, 56, 307–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-013-9649-8
   Google Scholar
• Bruckner, M., Giljum, S., Lutz, C., & Wiebe, K. S. (2012). Materials embodied in international trade – global material extraction and consumption between 1995 and 2005. Global Environmental Change, 22(3), 568–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckner, M., Wood, R., Moran, D., Kuschnig, N., Wieland, H., Maus, V., & Börner, J. (2019). FABIO—the construction of the food and agriculture biomass input–output model. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(19), 11302–11312. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Koning, A., Bruckner, M., Lutter, S., Wood, R., Stadler, K., & Tukker, A. (2015). Effect of aggregation and disaggregation on embodied material use of products in input–output analysis. Ecological Economics, 116, 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doeksen, G. A., & Little, C. H. (1968). Effect of size of the input–output model on the results of an impact analysis. Agricultural Economics Research, 20, 134–138.
   Google Scholar
• Ewing, B. R., Hawkins, T. R., Wiedmann, T. O., Galli, A., Ertug Ercin, A., Weinzettel, J., & Steen-Olsen, K. (2012). Integrating ecological and water footprint accounting in a multi-regional input–output framework. Ecological Indicators, 23, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.02.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, W. D. (1969). Clustering and aggregation in economics. Baltimore: The John Hopkins Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giljum, S., Bruckner, M., & Martinez, A. (2015). Material footprint assessment in a global input–output framework. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 792–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giljum, S., Wieland, H., Lutter, S., Eisenmenger, N., Schandl, H., & Owen, A. (2019). The impacts of data deviations between MRIO models on material footprints: A comparison of EXIOBASE, Eora, and ICIO. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(4), 946–958. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koskela, S., Mäenpää, I., Seppälä, J., Mattila, T., & Korhonen, M. R. (2011). EE-IO modeling of the environmental impacts of Finnish imports using different data sources. Ecological Economics, 70(12), 2341–2349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.07.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzen, M. (2011). Aggregation versus disaggregation in input–output analysis of the environment. Economic Systems Research, 23(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2010.548793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzen, M. (2019). Aggregating input–output systems with minimum error. Economic Systems Research, 31(4), 594–616. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2019.1609911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutter, S., Giljum, S., & Bruckner, M. (2016). A review and comparative assessment of existing approaches to calculate material footprints. Ecological Economics, 127, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majeau-Bettez, G., Strømman, A. H., & Hertwich, E. G. (2011). Evaluation of process- and input–output-based life cycle inventory data with regard to truncation and aggregation issues. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(23), 10170–10177. https://doi.org/10.1021/es201308x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, G., Mazzanti, M., & Montini, A. (2012). Linking NAMEA and input–output for ‘consumption vs. Production perspective’ analyses: Evidence on emission efficiency and aggregation biases using the Italian and Spanish environmental accounts. Ecological Economics, 74, 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz, P., Giljum, S., & Roca, J. (2009). The raw material equivalents of international trade. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13(6), 881–897. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00154.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neudecker, H. (1970). Aggregation in input–output analysis: An extension of Fisher’s method. Econometrica, 38(6), 921–926. https://doi.org/10.2307/1909700
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, A., Steen-Olsen, K., Barrett, J., Wiedmann, T., & Lenzen, M. (2014). A structural decomposition approach to comparing MRIO databases. Economic Systems Research, 26(3), 262–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2014.935299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piñero, P., Heikkinen, M., Mäenpää, I., & Pongrácz, E. (2015). Sector aggregation bias in environmentally extended input–output modeling of raw material flows in Finland. Ecological Economics, 119, 217–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffartzik, A., Eisenmenger, N., Krausmann, F., & Weisz, H. (2014). Consumption-based material flow accounting: Austrian trade and consumption in raw material equivalents 1995-2007. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 18(1), 102–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schandl, H., Fischer-Kowalski, M., West, J., Giljum, S., Dittrich, M., Eisenmenger, N., Geschke, A., Lieber, M., Wieland, H., Schaffartzik, A., Krausmann, F., Gierlinger, S., Hosking, K., Lenzen, M., Tanikawa, H., Miatto, A., & Fishman, T. (2018). Global material flows and resource productivity: Forty years of evidence. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(4), 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoer, K. (2006). Calculation of direct and indirect material inputs by type of raw material and economic activities, London Group Meeting, 19–21 June 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Schoer, K., Dittrich, M., & Ewers, B. (2018). Estimating raw material equivalents with multi-regional input–output models: The impact of sectoral disaggregation. IFEU.
   Google Scholar
• Schoer, K., Dittrich, M., Limberger, S., Ewers, B., Kovanda, J., & Weinzettel, J. (2021). Disaggregating input-output tables for the calculation of raw material footprints - Minimum requirements, possible methods, data sources and a proposed method for Eurostat. Statistical Working Papers, Eurostat, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2785/088421
   Google Scholar
• Schoer, K., Jürgen, G., Jan, K., Christoph, L., Axel, L., Sarka, B., & Josefine, M. (2012). Conversion of European product flows into raw material equivalents, final report of the project: Assistance in the development and maintenance of raw material equivalents conversion factors and calculation of RMC time series. Ifeu Instute Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Schoer, K., Weinzettel, J., Kovanda, J., Giegrich, J., & Lauwigi, C. (2012). Raw material consumption of the European Union – concept, calculation method, and results. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(16), 8903–8909. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300434c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoer, K., Wood, R., Arto, I., & Weinzettel, J. (2013). Estimating raw material equivalents on a macro-level: Comparison of multi-regional input–output analysis and hybrid LCI-IO. Environmental Science and Technology, 47(24), 14282–14289. https://doi.org/10.1021/es404166f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen-Olsen, K., Owen, A., Hertwich, E. G., & Lenzen, M. (2014). Effects of sector aggregation on CO2  multipliers in multiregional input–output analyses. Economic Systems Research, 26(3), 284–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/09535314.2014.934325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steen-Olsen, K., Weinzettel, J., Cranston, G., Ercin, A. E., & Hertwich, E. G. (2012). Carbon, land, and water footprint accounts for the European Union: Consumption, production, and displacements through international trade. Environmental Science & Technology, 46(20), 10883–10891. https://doi.org/10.1021/es301949t
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, B., Huang, H. C., Ang, B. W., & Zhou, P. (2010). Input–output analysis of CO2 emissions embodied in trade: The effects of sector aggregation. Energy Economics, 32(1), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Többen, J., Wiebe, K. S., Verones, F., Wood, R., & Moran, D. D. (2018). A novel maximum entropy approach to hybrid monetary-physical supply-chain modelling and its application to biodiversity impacts of palm oil embodied in consumption. Environmental Research Letters, 13(11), 115002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aae491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. (2019). Tier classification for global SDG indicators. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, R., & Zimmerman, J. (2016). Hybrid analysis of blue water consumption and water scarcity implications at the global, national, and basin levels in an increasingly globalized world. Environmental Science & Technology, 50(10), 5143–5153. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzettel, J., Hertwich, E. G., Peters, G. P., Steen-Olsen, K., & Galli, A. (2013). Affluence drives the global displacement of land use. Global Environmental Change, 23(2), 433–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzettel, J., & Kovanda, J. (2009). Assessing socioeconomic metabolism through hybrid life cycle assessment The case of the Czech Republic. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 13(4), 607–621. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00144.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzettel, J., & Pfister, S. (2019). International trade of global scarce water use in agriculture: Modeling on watershed level with monthly resolution. Ecological Economics, 159, 301–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzettel, J., Steen-Olsen, K., Hertwich, E. G., Borucke, M., & Galli, A. (2014). Ecological footprint of nations: Comparison of process analysis, and standard and hybrid multiregional input–output analysis. Ecological Economics, 101, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.02.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzettel, J., Vačkář, D., & Medková, H. (2018). Human footprint in biodiversity hotspots. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16(8), 447–452. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzettel, J., Vačkářů, D., & Medková, H. (2019). Potential net primary production footprint of agriculture: A global trade analysis. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 23(5), 1133–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinzettel, J., & Wood, R. (2018). Environmental Footprints of agriculture embodied in international trade: Sensitivity of harvested area footprint of Chinese exports. Ecological Economics, 145, 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebe, K. S., Bruckner, M., Giljum, S., Lutz, C., & Polzin, C. (2012). Carbon and materials embodied in the international trade of emerging economies: A multiregional input–output assessment of trends between 1995 and 2005. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16(4), 636–646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00504.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, T., Minx, J., Barrett, J., & Wackernagel, M. (2006). Allocating ecological footprints to final consumption categories with input–output analysis. Ecological Economics, 56(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiedmann, T. O., Schandl, H., Lenzen, M., Moran, D., Suh, S., West, J., & Kanemoto, K. (2015). The material footprint of nations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(20), 6271–6276. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1220362110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wieland, H., Giljum, S., Eisenmenger, N., Wiedenhofer, D., Bruckner, M., Schaffartzik, A., & Owen, A. (2020). Supply versus use designs of environmental extensions in input–output analysis: Conceptual and empirical implications for the case of energy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 24(3), 548–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12975
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R., Stadler, K., Simas, M., Bulavskaya, T., Giljum, S., Lutter, S., & Tukker, A. (2018). Growth in Environmental Footprints and environmental impacts embodied in trade: Resource efficiency indicators from EXIOBASE3. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 22(3), 553–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar