2,618
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The role of viscoelastic testing in assessing peri-interventional platelet function and coagulation

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 520-530 | Received 18 Mar 2021, Accepted 29 Jun 2021, Published online: 09 Aug 2021

References

  • Hou Y, Carrim N, Wang Y, Gallant RC, Marshall A, Ni H. Platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis: novel mechanisms of fibrinogen-independent platelet aggregation and fibronectin-mediated protein wave of hemostasis. J Biomed Res. 2015;29:437–444.
  • Boer C, Meesters MI, Milojevic M, Benedetto U, Bolliger D, von Heymann C, Jeppsson A, Koster A, Osnabrugge RL, Ranucci M,  et al. 2017 EACTS/EACTA Guidelines on patient blood management for adult cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018;32(1):88–120.
  • Biancari F, Mariscalco G, Gherli R, Reichart D, Onorati F, Faggian G, Franzese I, Santarpino G, Fischlein T, Rubino AS, et al. Variation in preoperative antithrombotic strategy, severe bleeding, and use of blood products in coronary artery bypass grafting: results from the multicentre E-CABG registry. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2018;4(4):246–257. doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcy027
  • Brown JB, Cohen MJ, Minei JP, Maier RV, West MA, Billiar TR, Peitzman AB, Moore EE, Cuschieri J, Sperry JL. Goal-directed resuscitation in the prehospital setting: a propensity-adjusted analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013;74(5):1207–1214.
  • Kutcher ME, Redick BJ, McCreery RC, Crane IM, Greenberg MD, Cachola LM, Nelson MF, Cohen MJ. Characterization of platelet dysfunction after trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;73(1):13–19. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318256deab
  • Hansson EC, Jideus L, Aberg B, Bjursten H, Dreifaldt M, Holmgren A, Ivert T, Nozohoor S, Barbu M, Svedjeholm R, et al. Coronary artery bypass grafting-related bleeding complications in patients treated with ticagrelor or clopidogrel: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(2):189–197. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv381
  • Gratz J, Guting H, Thorn S, Brazinova A, Görlinger K, Schäfer N, Schöchl H, Stanworth S, Maegele M. Protocolised thromboelastometric-guided haemostatic management in patients with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(7):883–890. doi:10.1111/anae.14670
  • Paniccia R, Priora R, Liotta AA, Abbate R. Platelet function tests: a comparative review. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2015;11:133–148. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S44469
  • Peng HT, Nascimento B, Tien H, Callum J, Rizoli S, Rhind SG, Beckett A. A comparative study of viscoelastic hemostatic assays and conventional coagulation tests in trauma patients receiving fibrinogen concentrate. Clin Chim Acta. 2019;495:253–262. doi:10.1016/j.cca.2019.04.066
  • Tang XF, Han YL, Zhang JH, Wang J, Zhang Y, Xu B, Gao Z, Qiao S-B, Chen J, Wu Y, et al. Comparing of light transmittance aggregometry and modified thrombelastograph in predicting clinical outcomes in Chinese patients undergoing coronary stenting with clopidogrel. Chin Med J. 2015;128(6):774–779. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.152611
  • Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Navickas IA, Mahla E, Dichiara J, Suarez TA, Antonino MJ, Tantry US, Cohen E. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength: a new thrombelastographic indicator of long-term poststenting ischemic events. Am Heart J. 2010;160(2):346–354. doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2010.05.034
  • Schenk B, Gorlinger K, Treml B, Tauber H, Fries D, Niederwanger C, Oswald E, Bachler M. A comparison of the new ROTEM® sigma with its predecessor, the ROTEM delta. Anaesthesia. 2019;74(3):348–356. doi:10.1111/anae.14542
  • Gillissen A, van den Akker T, Caram-Deelder C, Henriquez DDCA, Bloemenkamp KWM, Eikenboom J, van der Bom JG, de Maat MPM. Comparison of thromboelastometry by ROTEM® Delta and ROTEM® Sigma in women with postpartum haemorrhage. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2019;79(1–2):32–38. doi:10.1080/00365513.2019.1571220
  • Espinosa A, Stenseth R, Videm V, Pleym H. Comparison of three point-of-care testing devices to detect hemostatic changes in adult elective cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14(1):80. doi:10.1186/1471-2253-14-80
  • Groves DS, Welsby IJ, Naik BI, Tanaka K, Hauck JN, Greenberg CS, Winegar DA, Viola F. Multicenter evaluation of the quantra qplus system in adult patients undergoing major surgical procedures. Anesth Analg. 2020;130(4):899–909.). doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000004659
  • Gonzalez E, Moore EE, Moore HB, Chapman MP, Chin TL, Ghasabyan A, Wohlauer MV, Barnett CC, Bensard DD, Biffl WL, et al. Goal-directed hemostatic resuscitation of trauma-induced coagulopathy: a pragmatic randomized clinical trial comparing a viscoelastic assay to conventional coagulation assays. Ann Surg. 2016;263(6):1051–1059. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000001608
  • Kornblith LZ, Moore HB, Cohen MJ. Trauma-induced coagulopathy: the past, present, and future. J Thromb Haemost. 2019 Jun;17(6):852–862. doi:10.1111/jth.14450
  • Schochl H, Posch A, Hanke A, Voelckel W, Solomon C. High-dose fibrinogen concentrate for haemostatic therapy of a major trauma patient with recent clopidogrel and aspirin intake. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2010;70(6):453–457. doi:10.3109/00365513.2010.500396
  • Vulliamy P, Kornblith LZ, Kutcher ME, Cohen MJ, Brohi K, Neal MD. Alterations in platelet behavior after major trauma: adaptive or maladaptive? Platelets. 2021;32(3):295-304.
  • Vulliamy P, Gillespie S, Armstrong PC, Allan HE, Warner TD, Brohi K. Histone H4 induces platelet ballooning and microparticle release during trauma hemorrhage. Proc Nat Acad of Sci. 2019;116(35):17444–17449. doi:10.1073/pnas.1904978116
  • Marck RE, van der Bijl I, Korsten H, Lorinser J, de Korte D, Middelkoop E. Activation, function and content of platelets in burn patients. Platelets. 2019;30(3):396–402. doi:10.1080/09537104.2018.1448379
  • Sirajuddin S, Valdez C, DePalma L, Maluso P, Singhal R, Schroeder M, Sarani B. Inhibition of platelet function is common following even minor injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016;81(2):328–332. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001057
  • Daley MJ, Trust MD, Peterson EJ, et al. Thromboelastography does not detect preinjury antiplatelet therapy in acute trauma patients. Am Surg. 2016;82(2):175–180. doi:10.1177/000313481608200224
  • Connelly CR, Yonge JD, McCully SP, Hart KD, Hilliard TC, Lape DE, Watson JJ, Rick B, Houser B, Deloughery TG, et al. Assessment of three point-of-care platelet function assays in adult trauma patients. J Surg Res. 2017;212:260–269. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2017.01.008
  • Stettler GR, Moore EE, Moore HB, Nunns GR, Huebner BR, Einersen P, Ghasabyan A, Silliman CC, Banerjee A, Sauaia A, et al. Platelet adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibition provides no advantage in predicting need for platelet transfusion or massive transfusion. Surgery. 2017;162(6):1286–1294. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2017.07.022
  • Russell L, Holst LB, Lange T, Liang X, Ostrowski SR, Perner A. Effects of anemia and blood transfusion on clot formation and platelet function in patients with septic shock: a substudy of the randomized TRISS trial. Transfusion. 2018;58(12):2807–2818. doi:10.1111/trf.14904
  • Holcomb JB, Minei KM, Scerbo ML, Radwan ZA, Wade CE, Kozar RA, Gill BS, Albarado R, McNutt MK, Khan S, et al. Admission rapid thrombelastography can replace conventional coagulation tests in the emergency department: experience with 1974 consecutive trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2012;256(3):476. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182658180
  • Brill JB, Badiee J, Zander AL, Wallace JD, Lewis PR, Sise MJ, Bansal V, Shackford SR. The rate of deep vein thrombosis doubles in trauma patients with hypercoagulable thromboelastography. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2017;83(3):413. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000001618
  • Castellino FJ, Chapman MP, Donahue DL, Thomas S, Moore EE, Wohlauer MV, Fritz B, Yount R, Ploplis V, Davis P, et al. Traumatic brain injury causes platelet adenosine diphosphate and arachidonic acid receptor inhibition independent of hemorrhagic shock in humans and rats. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;76(5):1169–1176. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000216
  • Moore HB, Moore EE, Chapman MP, Gonzalez E, Slaughter AL, Morton AP, D’Alessandro A, Hansen KC, Sauaia A, Banerjee A, et al. Viscoelastic measurements of platelet function, not fibrinogen function, predicts sensitivity to tissue-type plasminogen activator in trauma patients. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(10):1878–1887. doi:10.1111/jth.13067
  • Nekludov M, Bellander BM, Blombäck M, Wallen HN. Platelet dysfunction in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24(11):1699–1706. doi:10.1089/neu.2007.0322
  • Kutcher ME, Cohen MJ Coagulopathy in trauma patients. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/coagulopathy-in-trauma-patients?topicRef=13854&source=see_link. Accessed 11 March 2020.
  • Rossaint R, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Coats TJ, Duranteau J, Fernández-Mondéjar E, Filipescu D, Hunt BJ, Komadina R, Nardi G. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fourth edition. Crit Care. 2016;20:100.
  • Camazine MN, Hemmila MR, Leonard JC, Jacobs RA, Horst JA, Kozar RA, Bochicchio GV, Nathens AB, Cryer HM, Spinella PC, et al. Massive transfusion policies at trauma centers participating in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015;78(6 Suppl 1):S48–53. doi:10.1097/TA.0000000000000641
  • Baksaas-Aasen K, Gall LS, Stensballe J, Juffermans NP, Curry N, Maegele M, Brooks A, Rourke C, Gillespie S, Murphy J. Viscoelastic haemostatic assay augmented protocols for major trauma haemorrhage (ITACTIC): a randomized, controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2020 Oct;13:1.
  • Bartoszko J, Wijeysundera DN, Karkouti K, Callum J, Rao V, Crowther M, Grocott HP, Pinto R, Scales DC, Achen B, et al. Transfusion avoidance in cardiac surgery study investigators. Comparison of two major perioperative bleeding scores for cardiac surgery trials: universal definition of perioperative bleeding in cardiac surgery and European coronary artery bypass grafting bleeding severity grade. Anesthesiology. 2018;129:1092–1100.
  • Mariscalco G, Gherli R, Ahmed AB, Zanobini M, Maselli D, Dalén M, Piffaretti G, Cappabianca G, Beghi C, Biancari F, et al. Validation of the European multicenter study on coronary artery bypass grafting (E-CABG) bleeding severity definition. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101(5):1782–1788. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.10.028
  • Murphy GJ, Pike K, Rogers CA, Wordsworth S, Stokes EA, Angelini GD, Reeves BC.TITRe2 investigators. Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion after Cardiac Surgery. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:997–1008.
  • Mahla E, Tantry US, Schoerghuber M, Gurbel PA. Platelet function testing in patients on antiplatelet therapy before cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2020 Sep 4. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000003541
  • Raphael J, Mazer CD, Subramani S, Schroeder A, Abdalla M, Ferreira R, Roman PE, Patel N, Welsby I, Greilich PE, et al. Society of cardiovascular anesthesiologists clinical practice improvement advisory for management of perioperative bleeding and hemostasis in cardiac surgery patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019;33(11):2887–2899. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2019.04.003
  • Karkouti K, Callum J, Wijeysundera DN, Rao V, Crowther M, Grocott HP, Pinto R, Scales DC, Achen B, Brar S, et al. Point-of-care hemostatic testing in cardiac surgery: a stepped-wedge clustered randomized controlled trial. Circulation. 2016;134(16):1152–1162. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023956
  • Serraino GF, Murphy GJ. Routine use of viscoelastic blood tests for diagnosis and treatment of coagulopathic bleeding in cardiac surgery: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2017;118(6):823–833. doi:10.1093/bja/aex100
  • Deppe AC, Weber C, Zimmermann J, Kuhn EW, Slottosch I, Liakopoulos OJ, Choi Y-H, Wahlers T. Point-of-care thromboelastography/ thromboelastometry-based coagulation management in cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of 8332 patients. J Surg Res. 2016;203(2):424–433. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2016.03.008
  • Agarwal S, Johnson RI, Shaw M. Preoperative point-of-care platelet function testing in cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2015;29(2):333–341. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2014.06.025
  • Bolliger D, Tanaka KA. Point-of-care coagulation testing in cardiac surgery. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2017;43:386–396. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1599153
  • Li J-Y, Gong J, Zhu F, Moodie J, Newitt A, Uruthiramoorthy L, Cheng D, Martin J. Fibrinogen concentrate in cardiovascular surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg. 2018;127(3):612–621. doi:10.1213/ANE.0000000000003508
  • Mahla E, Suarez TA, Bliden KP, Rehak P, Metzler H, Sequeira AJ, Cho P, Sell J, Fan J, Antonino MJ, et al. Platelet function measurement-based strategy to reduce bleeding and waiting time in clopidogrel-treated patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery: the timing based on platelet function strategy to reduce clopidogrel-associated bleeding related to CABG (TARGET-CABG) study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5(2):261–269.
  • Mannacio V, Meier P, Antignano A, Di Tommaso L, De Amicis V, Vosa C. Individualized strategy for clopidogrel suspension in patients undergoing off-pump coronary surgery for acute coronary syndrome: a case-control study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(4):1299–1306. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.12.011
  • Ferraris VA, Saha SP, Oestreich JH, Song HK, Rosengart T, Reece TB, Mazer CD, Bridges CR, Despotis GJ, Jointer K, et al., Society of Thoracic S. 2012. Update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons guideline on use of antiplatelet drugs in patients having cardiac and noncardiac operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 94:1761–1781. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.07.086
  • Valgimigli M, Bueno H, Byrne RA, Collet JP, Costa F, Jeppsson A, Jüni P, Kastrati A, Kolh P, Mauri L, et  al.  2017 ESC focused update on dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease developed in collaboration with EACTS: the Task Force for dual antiplatelet therapy in coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(3):213–260.
  • Poston R, Gu J, Manchio J, Lee A, Brown J, Gammie J, White C, Griffith B. Platelet function tests Predict bleeding and thrombotic events after off-pump coronary bypass grafting. Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg off J Eur Assoc Cardio-thoracic Surg. 2005;27(4):584–591. doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.12.061
  • Weitzel NS, Weitzel LB, Epperson LE, Karimpour-Ford A, Tran ZV, Seres T. Platelet mapping as part of modified thromboelastography (TEG®) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass. Anaesthesia. 2012;67(10):1158–1165. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2012.07231.x
  • Carroll RC, Chavez JJ, Snider CC, Meyer DS, Muenchen RA. Correlation of perioperative platelet function and coagulation tests with bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. J Lab Clin Med. 2006;147(4):197–204. doi:10.1016/j.lab.2005.12.007
  • Chowdhury M, Shore-Lesserson L, Mais AM, Leyvi G. Thromboelastograph with Platelet Mapping(TM) predicts postoperative chest tube drainage in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2014;28(2):217–223. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2013.12.010
  • Kwak Y-L, Kim J-C, Choi Y-S, Yoo K-J, Song Y, Shim J-K. Clopidogrel responsiveness regardless of the discontinuation date predicts increased blood loss and transfusion requirement after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56(24):1994–2002. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.108
  • Shah P, Tantry US, Bliden KP, Gurbel PA. Bleeding and thrombosis associated with ventricular assist device therapy. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(11):1164–1173. doi:10.1016/j.healun.2017.05.008
  • Karimi A, Beaver TM, Hess PJ, Martin TD, Staples ED, Schofield RS, Hill JA, Aranda JM, Klodell CT. Close antiplatelet therapy monitoring and adjustment based upon thrombelastography may reduce late-onset bleeding in HeartMate II recipients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2014;18(4):457–465. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivt546
  • Craft RM, Chavez JJ, Snider CC, Muenchen RA, Carroll RC. Comparison of modified Thrombelastograph and Plateletworks whole blood assays to optical platelet aggregation for monitoring reversal of clopidogrel inhibition in elective surgery patients. J Lab Clin Med. 2005;145(6):309–315. doi:10.1016/j.lab.2005.03.010
  • Cattano D, Altamirano AV, Kaynak HE, Seitan C, Paniccia R, Chen Z, Huang H, Prisco D, Hagberg CA, Pivalizza EG, et al. Perioperative assessment of platelet function by Thromboelastograph Platelet Mapping in cardiovascular patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2013;35(1):23–30. doi:10.1007/s11239-012-0788-5
  • Collyer TC, Gray DJ, Sandhu R, Berridge J, Lyons G. Assessment of platelet inhibition secondary to clopidogrel and aspirin therapy in preoperative acute surgical patients measured by Thrombelastography Platelet Mapping. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102(4):492–498. doi:10.1093/bja/aep039
  • Kasivisvanathan R, Abbassi-Ghadi N, Kumar S, Mackenzie H, Thompson K, James K, Mallett SV. Risk of bleeding and adverse outcomes predicted by thromboelastography platelet mapping in patients taking clopidogrel within 7 days of non-cardiac surgery. Br J Surg. 2014;101(11):1383–1390. doi:10.1002/bjs.9592
  • Franchini M, Mengoli C, Cruciani M, Marietta M, Marano G, Vaglio S, Pupella S, Veropalumbo E, Masiello F, Liumbruno GM. The use of viscoelastic haemostatic assays in non-cardiac surgical settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Transfus. 2018;16(3):235–243.
  • Volod O, Lam LD, Lin G, Kam C, Kolyouthapong K, Mac J, Mirocha J, Ambrose PJ, Czer LSC, Arabia FA, et al. Role of thromboelastography platelet mapping and international normalized ratio in defining “normocoagulability” during anticoagulation for mechanical circulatory support devices: a pilot retrospective study. ASAIO Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 2017;63(1):24–31. doi:10.1097/MAT.0000000000000445
  •  Qin J, Yao L, Wang J, Yang B. Application of thromboelastography in evaluating effects of aspirin with or without clopidogrel treatment as well as predictive factors for aspirin resistance in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2018;11(12):7.
  • Koh J-S, Park Y, Ahn J-H, Kang MG, Kim K-H, Bae JS, Park HW, Jang JY, Park JR, Hwang S-J, et al. Influence of amlodipine on haemostatic measurements during clopidogrel treatment in patients with coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost. 2019;119(2):264–273. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1676795
  • Yao Z, Li G, Fu C. Analysis of antiplatelet activity and short-term prognosis of ticagrelor in AMI patients undergoing emergency PCI during perioperative period. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2017;10:9595–9600.
  • Kreutz RP, Schmeisser G, Schaffter A, Kanuri S, Owens J, Maatman B, Sinha A, von der Lohe E, Breall J. Prediction of ischemic events after percutaneous coronary intervention: thrombelastography profiles and factor XIIIa activity. TH Open : Companion J Thrombosis Haemostasis. 2018;2(2):e173–e81. doi:10.1055/s-0038-1645876
  • Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Guyer K, Cho PW, Zaman KA, Kreutz RP, Bassi AK, Tantry US. Platelet reactivity in patients and recurrent events post-stenting: results of the PREPARE POST-STENTING Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(10):1820–1826. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.07.041
  • Hou X, Han W, Gan Q, Liu Y, Fang W. Relationship between thromboelastography and long-term ischemic events as gauged by the response to clopidogrel in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Biosci Trends. 2017;11(2):209–213. doi:10.5582/bst.2016.01233
  • Tantry US, Bliden KP, Suarez TA, Kreutz RP, Dichiara J, Gurbel PA. Hypercoagulability, platelet function, inflammation and coronary artery disease acuity: results of the Thrombotic RIsk Progression (TRIP) study. Platelets. 2010;21(5):360–367. doi:10.3109/09537100903548903
  • Wu H-Y, Zhang C, Zhao X, et al. Residual platelet reactivity is preferred over platelet inhibition rate in monitoring antiplatelet efficacy: insights using thrombelastography. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2020;41(2):192-197.
  • Fu Z, Dong W, Shen M, Xue H, Guo J, Jing J, Han Y, Yang X, Chen Y. Relationship between hyporesponsiveness to clopidogrel measured by thrombelastography and in stent restenosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Clin Biochem. 2014;47(16–17):197–202. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.08.009
  • Jeong Y-H, Bliden KP, Shuldiner AR, Tantry U, Gurbel P. Thrombin-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength: relation to high on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity, genotype, and post-percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes. Thromb Haemost. 2014;111(4):713–724. doi:10.1160/TH13-08-0643
  • Zhao L, Xu X, Du F, Chen B. Thromboelastography evaluation of low response to clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Int J Gerontol. 2018;12(1):43–47. doi:10.1016/j.ijge.2017.07.007
  • Tang FK, Lin LJ, Hua N, Lu H, Qi Z, Tang XZ. Earlier application of loading doses of aspirin and clopidogrel decreases rate of recurrent cardiovascular ischemic events for patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Chin Med J. 2012;125(4):631–638.
  • Li Y, Chang H, Ni L, Xue P, Li C, Yuan L, Cui H, Yu C. Analysis of thrombelastogram-guided medication in patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(4):3047–3052.
  • Xu L, Wang L, Yang X, Li K, Sun H, Zhang D, Wang H, Li W, Ni Z, Xia K, et al. Platelet function monitoring guided antiplatelet therapy in patients receiving high-risk coronary interventions. Chin Med J. 2014;127(19):3364–3370.
  • Zhao SW, Wang YP, Xu LD, Gang W. The application of thromboelastogram in detection of indexes of antiplatelet therapy for coronary heart disease. J Thorac Dis. 2016 Dec;8(12):3515-3520. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2016.12.77.
  • Tantry US, Bliden KP, Gurbel PA. Overestimation of platelet aspirin resistance detection by thrombelastograph platelet mapping and validation by conventional aggregometry using arachidonic acid stimulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(9):1705–1709. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.05.090
  • Dalal JJ, Digrajkar A, Gandhi A. Oral antiplatelet therapy and platelet inhibition: an experience from a tertiary care center. Indian Heart J. 2016;68(5):624–631. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2015.12.022
  • Hobson AR, Petley G, Morton G, Dawkins KD, Curzen NP. Point-of-care platelet function assays demonstrate reduced responsiveness to clopidogrel, but not aspirin, in patients with Drug-Eluting Stent Thrombosis whilst on dual antiplatelet therapy. Thromb J. 2008;6(1):1. doi:10.1186/1477-9560-6-1
  • Chen Y, Wang X, Yu Q, Wang F, Wang H, Liu H. The efficacy of antiplatelet therapies as evaluated by thrombo-elastography in retired Chinese officers. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2018;29(6):357–361. doi:10.5830/CVJA-2018-041
  • Tang Y-D, Wang W, Yang M, Zhang K, Chen J, Qiao S, Yan H, Wu Y, Huang X, Xu B, et al. Randomized comparisons of double-dose clopidogrel or adjunctive cilostazol versus standard dual antiplatelet in patients with high posttreatment platelet reactivity: results of the creative trial. Circulation. 2018;137(21):2231–2245. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030190
  • Yang B, Zheng C, Yu H, Zhang R, Li S, Tan L, Leng M, Cai S. Comparison of ticagrelor and clopidogrel for patients undergoing emergency percutaneous coronary intervention. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(7):952–957.
  • Rao Z, Zheng H, Wang F, Wang A, Liu L, Dong K, Zhao X, Cao Y, Wang Y. High on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate predicts ischemic events of minor stroke and transient ischemic attack. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;26(10):2074–2081. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.04.012
  • Yao Y, Zhang J-H, Tang X-F, He C, Ma Y-L, Xu -J-J, Song Y, Liu R, Meng X-M, Song L, et al. Head to head comparison of two point-of-care platelet function tests used for assessment of on-clopidogrel platelet reactivity in Chinese acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Chin Med J. 2016;129(19):2269–2274. doi:10.4103/0366-6999.190664
  • Droppa M, Spahn P, Takhgiriev K, Müller KAL, Alboji A, Straub A, Rath D, Jeong YH, Gawaz M, Geisler T. Periprocedural platelet inhibition with cangrelor in P2Y12-inhibitor naive patients with acute coronary syndromes - A matched-control pharmacodynamic comparison in real-world patients. Int J Cardiol. 2016;223:848–851. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.08.270
  • Franchi F, Rollini F, Cho JR, King R, Phoenix F, Bhatti M, DeGroat C, Tello-Montoliu A, Zenni MM, Guzman LA, et al. Effects of dabigatran on the cellular and protein phase of coagulation in patients with coronary artery disease on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. Results from a Prospective, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2016;115(3):622–631.
  • Garcia-Rinaldi R, Carro-Pagan C, Schaff HV, et al. Initial experience with dual antiplatelet thromboprophylaxis using clopidogrel and aspirin in patients with mechanical aortic prostheses. J Heart Valve Dis. 2009;18(6):617–625. discussion 26.
  • Sibbing D, Aradi D, Alexopoulos D, Ten Berg J, Bhatt DL, Bonello L, Collet JP, Cuisset T, Franchi F, Gross L, et al. Updated Expert Consensus Statement on Platelet Function and Genetic Testing for Guiding P2Y12 Receptor Inhibitor Treatment in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(16):1521–1537. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2019.03.034
  • Tantry US, Bonello L, Aradi D, Price MJ, Jeong Y-H, Angiolillo DJ, Stone GW, Curzen N, Geisler T, ten Berg J. Consensus and update on the definition of on-treatment platelet reactivity to adenosine diphosphate associated with ischemia and bleeding. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(24):2261–2273. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.07.101
  • Zhang L, Li X, Wang D, Lv H, Si X, Li X, Sun Y, Wang D, Chen K, Kang X,  et al. Risk factors of recurrent ischemic events after acute noncardiogenic ischemic stroke. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(45):4827-4834. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666191029103756.
  • McDonald MM, Almaghrabi TS, Saenz DM, Cai C, Rahbar MH, Choi HA, Lee K, Grotta JC, Chang TR. Dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with coagulopathy detectable by thrombelastography in acute stroke. J Intensive Care Med. 2020;35(1):68–73. doi:10.1177/0885066617729644
  • Lv -H-H, Wu S, Liu X, Yang X-L, Xu J-F, Guan Y-T, Dong Q, Zheng SL, Jiang J-M, Li S-X, et al. Comparison of VerifyNow P2Y12 and thrombelastography for assessing clopidogrel response in stroke patients in China. Neurol Sci. 2016;37(2):277–282. doi:10.1007/s10072-015-2407-7
  • Yang H, Li Y, Jiang Y. Insufficient platelet inhibition and thromboembolic complications in patients with intracranial aneurysms after stent placement. J Neurosurg. 2016;125(2):247–253. doi:10.3171/2015.6.JNS1511
  • Rao Z, Zheng H, Wang F, Wang A, Liu L, Dong K, Zhao X, Wang Y, Cao Y. The association between high on-treatment platelet reactivity and early recurrence of ischemic events after minor stroke or TIA. Neurol Res. 2017;39(8):719–726. doi:10.1080/01616412.2017.1312793
  • Yang H, Li Y, Jiang Y, Lv X. Thromboelastography for monitoring platelet function in unruptured intracranial aneurysm patients undergoing stent placement. Interv Neuroradiol. 2015;21(1):61–68. doi:10.15274/INR-2014-10094
  • Wu Z, Liu A-F, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wang K, Li C, Qiu H, Jiang W-J. The safety of triple antiplatelet therapy under thromboelastography guidance in patients undergoing stenting for ischemic cerebrovascular disease. J Neurointerv Surg. 2019;11(4):352–356. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-013987
  • McTaggart RA, Choudhri OA, Marcellus ML, Brennan T, Steinberg GK, Dodd RL, Do HM, Marks MP. Use of thromboelastography to tailor dual-antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing treatment of intracranial aneurysms with the Pipeline embolization device. J Neurointerv Surg. 2015;7(6):425–430. doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-011089
  • Bliden KP, Raviv G, Tantry US, Chaudhary R, Cochran JW, Navarese EP, Brannan T, Vyas A, Gurbel PA. “Blueprinting” thrombogenicity and antithrombotic drug response at the bedside in patients presenting emergently with symptoms of acute stroke. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2019;47(2):192–199. doi:10.1007/s11239-019-01813-0
  • Sternberg Z, Ching M, Sawyer RN, Chichelli T, Li F, Janicke D, Radovic V, Mehta B, Farooq O, Munschauer FE, et al. Clopidogrel responsiveness in stroke patients on a chronic aspirin regimen. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22(6):725–732. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.11.009
  • Lam H, Katyal N, Parker C, Natteru P, Nattanamai P, Newey CR, Kraus CK.Thromboelastography with platelet mapping is not an effective measure of platelet inhibition in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage on antiplatelet therapy. Cureus. 2018;10(4):e2515.
  • Zhou H, Chen L, He H. Intraoperative and postoperative effects of TEG-guided platelet transfusion on antiplatelet drug-related intracerebral hemorrhage patients. Exp Ther Med. 2019;17(3):2263–2267.
  • Beilin Y, Arnold I, Hossain S. Evaluation of the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) vs The Thromboelastogram (TEG) in the Parturient. Int J Obstetric Anesthesia. 2006;15(1):7–12. doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2005.04.013
  • Antony KM, Mansouri R, Arndt M, Rocky Hui S-K, Jariwala P, Mcmullen V, Teruya J, Aagaard K. Establishing thromboelastography with platelet-function analyzer reference ranges and other measures in healthy term pregnant women. Am J Perinatol. 2015;32(6):545–554. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1396700
  • Davies JR, Fernando R, Hallworth SP. Hemostatic function in healthy pregnant and preeclamptic women: an assessment using the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) and thromboelastograph. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(2):416–420. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000253510.00213.05
  • Rogalski P, Rogalska-Plonska M, Wroblewski E, Kostecka-Roslen I, Dabrowska M, Swidnicka-Siergiejko A, Wasielica-Berger J, Cydzik M, Hirnle T, Dobrzycki S, et al. Blood platelet function abnormalities in cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices in relation to the variceal bleeding history. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2019;54(3):311–318. doi:10.1080/00365521.2019.1578822
  • Pihusch R, Rank A, Gohring P, Pihusch M, Hiller E, Beuers U. Platelet function rather than plasmatic coagulation explains hypercoagulable state in cholestatic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2002;37(5):548–555. doi:10.1016/S0168-8278(02)00239-8
  • De Pietri L, Bianchini M, Montalti R, De Maria N, Di Maira T, Begliomini B, Gerunda GE, di Benedetto F, Garcia-Tsao G, Villa E, et al. Thrombelastography-guided blood product use before invasive procedures in cirrhosis with severe coagulopathy: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md). 2016;63(2):566–573. doi:10.1002/hep.28148
  • Wang S-C, Shieh J-F, Chang K-Y, Chu Y-C, Liu C-S, Loong -C-C, Chan K-H, Mandell S, Tsou M-Y. Thromboelastography-guided transfusion decreases intraoperative blood transfusion during orthotopic liver transplantation: randomized clinical trial. Transplant Proc. 2010;42(7):2590–2593. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.05.144
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
  • Mortus JR, Manek SE, Brubaker LS, Loor M, Cruz MA, Trautner BW, Rosengart TK. Thromboelastographic results and hypercoagulability syndrome in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who are critically Ill. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e2011192. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11192
  • Maatman TK, Jalali F, Feizpour C, Douglas A 2nd, McGuire SP, Kinnaman G, Hartwell JL, Maatman BT, Kreutz RP, Kapoor R, et al. Routine venous thromboembolism prophylaxis may be inadequate in the hypercoagulable state of severe coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(9):e783–e790;3. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004466
  • Yuriditsky E, Horowitz JM, Merchan C, Ahuja T, Brosnahan SB, McVoy L, Berger JS. Thromboelastography profiles of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(1319–1326):4. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000004471
  • Wright FL, Vogler TO, Moore EE, Moore HB, Wohlauer MV, Urban S, Nydam TL, Moore PK, McIntyre RC. Fibrinolysis shutdown correlation with thromboembolic events in severe COVID-19 infection. J Am Coll Surg. 2020;231(2):193–203.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2020.05.007
  • Pavoni V, Gianesello L, Pazzi M, Stera C, Meconi T, Frigieri FC. Evaluation of coagulation function by rotation thromboelastometry in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020;50(2):281–286. doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02130-7
  • Spiezia L, Boscolo A, Poletto F, Cerruti L, Tiberio I, Campello E, Navalesi P, Simioni P. COVID-19-related severe hypercoagulability in patients admitted to intensive care unit for acute respiratory failure. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120:998–1000. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714350
  • Bliden K, Rout A, Chaudhary R, Barnes J, Singh S, Timilsina S, Tantry U, Gurbel P Heightened platelet function: an unrecognized component of the covid hypercoagulability state. In Proceedings of the American Heart Association 2020, Virtual Congress. 13–17 November 2020.
  • Hartmann J, Ergang A, Mason D, Dias JD. The role of TEG analysis in patients with COVID-19-associated coagulopathy: a systematic review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(2):172. doi:10.3390/diagnostics11020172
  • Coagulation Systems for Measurement of Viscoelastic Properties: enforcement Policy During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Public Health Emergency (Revised) https://www.fda.gov/media/145135/download. Accessed 17 March 2021
  • Craft RM, Chavez JJ, Bresee SJ, Wortham DC, Cohen E, Carroll RC. A novel modification of the Thrombelastograph assay, isolating platelet function, correlates with optical platelet aggregation. J Lab Clin Med. 2004;143(5):301–309. doi:10.1016/j.lab.2004.01.011
  • Samos M, Stanciakova L, Duraj L, Kovář F, Fedor M, Šimonová R, Bolek T, Galajda P, Staško J, Kubisz P, et al. Monitoring the hemostasis with rotation thromboelastometry in patients with acute STEMI on dual antiplatelet therapy: first experiences. Medicine. 2017;96(6):e6045. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000006045
  • Dias JD, Pottgiesser T, Hartmann J, Duerschmied D, Bode C, Achneck HE. Comparison of three common whole blood platelet function tests for in vitro P2Y12 induced platelet inhibition. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020;50(1):135-143.
  • Dias JD, Sauaia A, Achneck HE, Hartmann J, Moore EE. Thromboelastography-guided therapy improves patient blood management and certain clinical outcomes in elective cardiac and liver surgery and emergency resuscitation: a systematic review and analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2019;17(6):984–994. doi:10.1111/jth.14447
  • Fahrendorff M, Oliveri RS, Johansson PI. The use of viscoelastic haemostatic assays in goal-directing treatment with allogeneic blood products – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2017;25(1):39. doi:10.1186/s13049-017-0378-9
  • Ranucci M, Baryshnikova E. Sensitivity of Viscoelastic Tests to Platelet Function. J Clin Med. 2020;9(1):189. doi:10.3390/jcm9010189
  • Westbrook AJ, Olsen J, Bailey M, Bates J, Scully M, Salamonsen RF. Protocol based on thromboelastograph (TEG) out-performs physician preference using laboratory coagulation tests to guide blood replacement during and after cardiac surgery: a pilot study. Heart Lung Circ. 2009;18(4):277-88. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2008.08.016
  • Solomon C, Traintinger S, Ziegler B, et al. Platelet function following trauma A Multiple Electrode Aggregometry Study. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2011;106(2):322–330.
  • Kay AB, Morris DS, Collingridge DS, Majercik S. Platelet dysfunction on thromboelastogram is associated with severity of blunt traumatic brain injury. Am J Surg. 2019;218(6):1134–1137. doi:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2019.09.024