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Original Articles

Cybernations: Identity, Self-determination, Democracy and the "Internet Effect" in the Emerging Information Order

Pages 69-87 | Published online: 14 Jul 2010

References

  • Wriston , Walter B. 1992 . The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution is Transforming Our World , New York : Charles Scribner's Sons .
  • Mills , Kurt . 1998 . Human Rights in the Emerging Global Order: A New Sovereignty? , 53 London : Macmillan .
  • Anderson , Benedict . 1991 . Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism , 7 New York : Verso .
  • Ibid., p. 6.
  • Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteadmg on the Electronic Frontier [online] (1993), available:.
  • Elkins , David J. 1997 . “Globalization, Telecommunication, and Virtual Ethnic Communities” . International Political Science Review , 18 ( 2 ) : 142
  • Deibert , Ronald J. 1997 . Parchment, Printing, and Hypermedia: Communication in World Order Transformation , 181 New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Ibid., p. 198.
  • Shapiro , Andrew L. 1999 . The Control Revolution: How the Internet is Putting Individuals in Charge and Changing the World , 116 – 120 . New York : Public Affaire .
  • Breton , Thierry . 1987 . The Pentecost Project, Mark Howson (trans.) , 58 New York : Henry Holt .
  • Ibid., p. 60.
  • Mayall , James and Simpson , Mark . 1992 . “Ethnicity is not Enough: Reflections on Protracted Secessionism in the Third World” . International Journal of Comparative Sociology , XXXIII January-April : 10 As Mayall and Simpson note, “[n]ations need myths to live by”. Gellner describes the nation as a “myth”: “Nations as a natural, God-given way of classifying men, as an inherent though long-delayed political destiny are a myth….” Thus, the argument here is that the Internet can facilitate the mythmaking of different communities which can call into question or undermine the myths--including particular perspectives on history, ethnicity, language, and the like--which under gird the modern state
  • Gellner , Ernest . 1983 . Nations and Nationalism , 48 – 49 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Wakin , Daniel J. 1998 . “Vatican Makes Internet Connections” . Washington Post , 18 August The Vatican's new computer network will also allow the Pope perhaps to have greater control over the Church hierarchy as it will provide for the ability for bishops and others in the hierarchy to download instructions directly from the Vatican, [online], available:
  • Said , Edward . 1993 . Culture and Imperialism , xiii New York : Alfred A. Knopf .
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  • Teschke , Benno . 1998 . “Geopolitical Relations in the European Middle Ages: History and Theory” . Journal of International Affairs , 51 Spring : 325 – 358 . On neomedievalism as “therapeutic redescription” of international relations theory, see Deibert, pp. 214-216. For an international relations analysis of the medieval world
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  • Ibid., p. 21.
  • 1995 . “Marcos on the Internet” . The Christian Science Monitor , 27 February [online], available
  • Cleaver , Harry . 1995 . “The Zapatistas and the Electronic Fabric of Struggle' . November [online], available
  • Cleaver , Harry . 1998 . “The Zapatista Effect: The Internet and the Rise of an Alternative Political Fabric” . Journal of International Affairs , 51 Spring : 628 The Zapatistas were not the originators of these activities: “the EZLN has played no direct role in the proliferation of the use of aie Internet. Rather, these efforts were initiated by others to weave a network of support for the Zapatista movement.”
  • Cleaver , Harry . 1998 . quoted in “A Rebel Movement's Life on the Web” . Wired News , 6 March Yet the Zapatistas were quick to embrace the Internet: “There's no evidence that the Zapatistas were thinking in terms of the Internet from the beginning. But they caught on quickly, as feedback from friends and allies made clear to them the importance of this unexpected vehicle for rapid communication and mobilization.”, [online], available
  • Brand , Stewart . 2001 . “Founding Father” . Wired , 9 ( 3 ) March : 144 – 153 . For an account of the early days of the precursors to the Internet
  • Rotberg , Robert I. and Weiss , Thomas G. , eds. 1996 . From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises , Washington, DC : The Brookings Institution .
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  • 1992 . “Fourth World” nations are “Nations forcefully incorporated into states which maintain a distinct political culture but are internationally unrecognized.” Richard Griggs, “The Meaning of 'Nation' and 'State' in the Fourth World” . Occasional Paper 18 Center for World Indigenous Studies . [online], available: World Wide Web Path
  • Danitz , Tiffany and Strobe , Warren P. 8 November 1999 . “Networking Dissent: Cyber-activists Use the Internet to Promote Democracy in Burma” . 8 November , In the case of Burma, one significant front in the democratic struggle against the authoritarian Burmese government was in localities in the United States where, for example, a law was passed in Massachusetts preventing the state from contracting with corporations that did business in Burma. Another successful campaign pressured Pepsi to withdraw from Burma. The organising potential of the Internet made these efforts possible. See, [online], available
  • left , Sheila . 1996 . “China Attempts to Have its Net and Censor it Too” . The Christian Science Monitor , 5 August [online], available
  • Malik , Arslan . 1997 . “The Internet and CNN Won't (Soon) Free China” . The Christian Science Monitor , 15 August [online], available
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  • Kalathil , Shanthi and Boas , Taylor C. 2001 . “The Internet and State Control in Authoritarian Regimes: China, Cuba, and the Counterrevolution” . Carnegie Endowment for International Peace , Yet, at least for the present time, China, along with other authoritarian governments, has been able to use a mixture of reactive (such as censorship and controlling access) and proactive (such as propaganda and channelling the development of online activity toward specific, state-supported goals) strategies, as well as long-standing control over communications technology, to control the use of, and access to, the Internet by its citizens, [online], available

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