National appropriation of university innovations: The failure of ink jet technologies in sweden

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• Ibid
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• The development project is supported by NUTEK (Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development, formerly STU) and also includes research on micromachining of nozzles and printheads. The aim is to speed up the printing process of high quality colour images, by using multi-channel printing.
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• Rune Elmqvist may be better known for his invention of the pacemaker for heart stimulation. The world's first operation to install a pacemaker was carried out in 1958 at Karolinska Sjukhuset in Stockholm. The design was made by Rune Elmqvist then employed by Elema-Schonander (presently Siemens-Elema). Elmqvist applied for a patent in 1959 but did not fulfil the procedures, because there was little realization that the new technology would provide a basis for a world market which exceeded US$1 billion in 1992. This information is mainly extracted from T. Wallmark & D. McQueen, 100 Viktiga Svenska Innovationer under tiden 1945-1980 (Lund, Studenlitter-atur, 1986), p. 45.
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• 'Mingo' is Greek and means peeing, the choice of name reflecting Elmqvist's sense of humour.
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• Ibid
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• Lowe, op. cit., Ref. 3.
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• Ibid
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• It may be noted that Olympia-Werke belonged to a group of companies—also including Facit— which had a strong position in electromechanical typewriters/printers and calculators, and was unable to make the transition into electronics when both technology and marketing channels rapidly changed.
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• Low, op. cit., Ref. 3.
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• IRIS Graphics was founded in 1984, with a charter for developing and manufacturing a direct digital, large format, plain paper ink jet printing system for hard-copy colour proofing for electronic pre-press systems. Application for such systems can be found in colour separation houses, colour magazines and newspapers, advertising and packaging design. IRIS Graphics' 2044 printer produces a stream of droplets at a rate of about 1 million per second. It eliminates the recirculation of unused ink, which improves the system reliability significandy, with a small increase in the cost per print. IRIS Graphics now has more advanced printers, such as the 3024, 3047 and 4012 models.
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• In 1991, The National Society for Information Display (SID) Awards gave the Johann Gutenberg Prize to Ichiro Endo of Canon, Inc., andjoh L. Vaught of Tencor Instruments, Mountain View, CA, "for their independent invention of thermal ink-jet printing technology"; SID News, May 1991.
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• It should be noted that the diamond concept, as defined by Porter, includes the following four factors, located at the corners of a diamond: (1) factor conditions—the nation's position in factors of production, such as skilled labour or infrastructure, necessary to compete in a given industry; (2) demand conditions—the nature of home demand for the industry's product or service; (3) related and supporting industries—the presence or absence in the nation of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive; (4) firm strategy, structure and rivalry—the conditions in the nation that govern how companies are created, organized and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry.
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• Ibid 94
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• Ibid
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• Ibid
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