Technological specialization and economic performance in oecd countries

References

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• While in some cases the control of an original invention is crucial for building the activity of a firm or a country in a new area, there are so many forms of diffusion of know-how and of appropriation of the benefits from an innovation that a direct relationship between invention in new fields and better performances should not be taken for granted.
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• Lundvall , B.A. , ed. 1992 . National System of Innovation , London : Frances Pinter . R.R. Nelson (Ed), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Study (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993)
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• Griliches , Z. 1990 . Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey . Journal of Economic Literature , 28 : 661 – 1797 . For a comprehensive assessment of patents as a science and technology indicator see the new OECD Patent Manul, using Patent Data as Science and Technology Indicators
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• Archibugi and Pianta . 1990 . op cit , 28 Ref 3 and 4
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• The classes included are office computing (SIC 357), radio and TV receiving equipment (SIC 365), electronic components, communication equipment (SIC 366-367). They are the classes showing the fastest growth of patents granted in the US between 1975-1977 and 1986-1988 and together they account for about 15% of total patents.
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• Archibugi and Pianta . 1990 . op cit , 28 Ref 2
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• The jumps in data for smaller patenting countries such as Norway, Portugal and Greece are due to relatively small changes in the sectoral distribution of rather few patents, which are amplified by the way the index (#2) is calculated. See Appendix A.
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• Unfortunately, data for investment in machinery and equipment only, which would be a better indicator, are not available for all countries and years; when comparisons were possible, the variable used appeared to be a good proxy.
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• Across the 20 OECD countries, this variable shows a very high association with other key indicators such as total R&D as a share of GDP, industry-financed and performed R&D as a share of GDP, researchers and scientists as a share of the labour force.
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