759
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Awkward Classes and India's Development

Pages 355-376 | Received 28 Jul 2017, Accepted 15 May 2018, Published online: 07 Aug 2018

References

  • Adnan, S. 1985. ‘Classical and Contemporary Approaches to Agrarian Capitalism.’ Economic and Political Weekly XX (30): PE 53–64.
  • Adnan, S. 2015. ‘Primitive Accumulation and the “Transition to Capitalism” in Neoliberal India: Mechanisms, Resistance and the Persistence of “Self-employed” Labour.’ In Indian Capitalism in Development, edited by B. Harriss-White, and J. Heyer, 23–45. London: Routledge.
  • Aga, A. 2018. ‘Merchants of Knowledge: Petty Retail and Differentiation without Consolidation among Farmers in Maharashtra, India.’ Journal of Agrarian Change online-prepublication https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/joac.12249
  • Altvater, E. 1993. The Future of the Market. London: Verso.
  • Aslany, M. 2018. ‘The Emergence of the Rural Middle Classes in India.’ PhD thesis. Kings College, London University.
  • Banaji, J. 1977. ‘Capitalist Domination and the Small Peasantry: Deccan Districts in the Late Nineteenth Century.’ Economic and Political Weekly XII: 33–34. (special number) 1375–1404.
  • Banaji, J. 2007. ‘Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism.’ Historical Materialism 15: 47–74. doi: 10.1163/156920607X171591
  • Banaji, J. 2016a. ‘Merchant Capitalism, Peasant Households and Industrial Accumulation: Integration of a Model.’ Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (3): 410–431. doi: 10.1111/joac.12175
  • Banaji, J. 2016b. ‘Globalizing the History of Capital: Ways Forward.’ Historical Materialism. http://www.historicalmaterialism.org/node/240
  • Banaji, J. 2017. ‘Islam and Capitalism.’ Paper presented at the workshop on ‘Religion and capitalism in South Asia and the Arab World’. Oxford Brookes University. https://www.academia.edu/33746033/Islam_and_Capitalism.
  • Banaji, J. forthcoming. ‘Marxism and Merchant Capitalism.’ In The Handbook of Marxism, edited by S. Farris and A. Toscano. https://www.academia.edu/30754308/Marxism_and_Merchant_Capitalism
  • Basile, E., and B. Harriss-White. 2003. ‘Corporatist Capitalism: The Politics of Accumulation in South India.’ In Asian Politics in Development, edited by R. Benewick, M. Blecher and S. Cook, 109–122. London: Frank Cass.
  • Basu, D. 2018. ‘ An Approach to the Problem of Employment in India.’ Working Paper 2018-2. Department of Economics, Amherst, University of Massachusetts.
  • Bernstein, H. 1977. ‘Notes on Capital and Peasantry.’ Review of African Political Economy 4 (10): 60–73. doi: 10.1080/03056247708703339
  • Bernstein, H. 2001. ‘“The Peasantry” in Global Capitalism: Who? Where? And Why?’ Socialist Register 2001: 25–51.
  • Bernstein, H., and T. J. Byres. 2001. ‘From Peasant Studies to Agrarian Change.’ Journal of Agrarian Change 1 (1): 1–56. doi: 10.1111/1471-0366.00002
  • Bhattacharya, S. 2007. Informal Sector Dynamics and its Role in the Capital Accumulation Process: The Contrasting Cases of India and South Africa. Delhi: University of Delhi. Accessed October 31, 2013. www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/policy_library/data/informal_sector_dynamics/_res/id=sa_File1/PAPER.pdf.
  • Bhattacharya, S. 2014. ‘Is Labour Still a Relevant Category for Praxis? Critical Reflections on Some Contemporary Discourses on Work and Labour in Capitalism.’ Development and Change 45 (5): 941–962. doi: 10.1111/dech.12123
  • Bottomore, T., L. Harris, V. Kiernan, and R. Miliband. 1985. A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. London: Blackwell.
  • Braudel, F. 1982. Civilization and Capitalism 15th–18th Century. Volume 2. The Wheels of Commerce. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Bush, M. 1992. Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe Since 1500; Studies in Social Stratification. London: Routledge.
  • Chandrasekhar, C. P. 2017. ‘India’s Informal Economy.’ The Hindu, September 23rd, Opinion. http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Chandrasekhar/indias-informal-economy/article11119085.ece
  • Chattopadhyay, B. 1965. ‘Marx and India’s Crisis.’ In Homage to Karl Marx, edited by P. C. Joshi, 205–260. New Delhi: Peoples’ Publishing House.
  • Cohen, A. 2013. ‘Supermarkets in India: Struggles Over the Organization of Agricultural Markets and Food Supply Chains.’ University of Miami Law Review 68 (1): 19–86.
  • Cox, T. 1979. ‘Awkward Class or Awkward Classes? Class Relations in the Russian Peasantry Before Collectivisation.’ The Journal of Peasant Studies 7 (1): 70–85. doi: 10.1080/03066157908438092
  • CPI (Maoist). 2004. ‘Strategy and Tactics.’ ch 2 pp 19–28. http://www.bannedthought.net/India/CPI-Maoist-Docs/index.htm.
  • Dasgupta, I., and S. Kar. 2018. ‘The Labour Market in India Since the 1990s.’ IZA World of Labour, wol.iza.org Germany. https://wol.iza.org/articles/the-labor-market-in-india-since-the-1990s/long.
  • D’Costa, A. 2014. ‘Compressed Capitalism, Globalisation and the Fate of Indian Development.’ Chapter 2 In Inclusive Growth and Development in the 21st Century, edited by D. Dutta, 317–344. Singapore: World Scientific Pub.
  • Dorre, K. 2010. ‘Social Classes in the Process of Capitalist Landnahme: On the Relevance of Secondary Exploitation.’ Socialist Studies 6 (2): 43–74.
  • Duggett, M. 1975. ‘Marx on Peasants.’ The Journal of Peasant Studies 2 (2): 159–182. doi: 10.1080/03066157508437924
  • Ellis, F. 1993. Peasant Economics: Farm Households in Agrarian Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Engels, F. 1892/2000. The Peasant Question in France and Germany. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/Engles_The_Peasant_Question_in_France_and_Germany.pdf.
  • Friedmann, H. 2013. Farming Households in 1973 and Today: One Path for Agriculture or Many Paths for Farming? University of Toronto, unpublished mss.
  • Geertz, C. 1963. Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. Oakland: University of California Press.
  • Gill, K. 2007. Interlinked Contracts and Social Power.’ The Journal of Development Studies 43 (8): 1448–1474. doi: 10.1080/00220380701611519
  • Government of India. 2015. Sixth Economic Census. New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Plan Implementation. http://mospiold.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/census_2012/5_Highlights_6ecRep.pdf.
  • Guerin, I., S. Morvant-Roux, and M. Villarreal, eds. 2013. Microfinance, Debt and Over-Indebtedness: Juggling with Money. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Harriss, J. 1982. Capitalism and Peasant Farming. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
  • Harriss-White, B. 1995. ‘Efficiency and Complexity: Distributive Margins and the Profits of Market Enterprises.’ In Prices, Products and People: Analysing Agricultural Markets in Developing Countries, edited by G. Scott, 301–324. Boulder: Lynne Reinner.
  • Harriss-White, B. 2003. India Working; Essays in Economy and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Harriss-White, B. 2008. Rural Commercial Capital: Agricultural Markets in West Bengal. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Harriss-White, B. 2012. ‘Capitalism and the Common Man: Peasants and Petty Production in Africa and South Asia.’ Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy 1 (2): 109–160.
  • Harriss-White, B. 2013. ‘Credit, Finance and Contractual Synchrony in a South Indian Market Town.’ In Microfinance, Debt and Over-Indebtedness: Juggling with Money, edited by I Guerin, S. Morvant and M. Villareal, 103–124. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Harriss-White, B. 2016. ‘2016, From Analysing “Filieres Vivrieres” to Understanding Capital and Petty Production in Rural South India.’ Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (3): 478–500. doi: 10.1111/joac.12178
  • Harriss-White, B. 2017. ‘Constructing Regions Inside the Nation: The Economic and Social Structure of Space in Agrarian and Culture Regions.’ Economic and Political Weekly 52 (46): 44–55.
  • Harriss-White, B., and G. Rodrigo. 2016. ‘Discrimination in the Waste Economy: Narratives from the Waste-workers of a Small Town.’ Journal of Social Inclusion Studies 2 (2): 3–29.
  • Hazell, P., C. Poulton, S. Wiggins, and A. Dorward. 2010. ‘The Future of Small Farms: Trajectories and Policy Priorities.’ World Development 38 (10): 1349–1361. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.012
  • Hensman, R. 2010. ‘Labour and Globalization: Union Responses in India.’ Global Labour Journal 1 (1): 112–131.
  • Hodgson, G. 2001. Why Economics Forgot History. London: Routledge.
  • Jan, M. A. 2017. ‘Rural Commercial Capital: Accumulation, Class and Power in Pakistani Punjab.’ D Phil Thesis. Oxford University.
  • Jha, P. S. 1980. The Political Economy of Stagnation. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Kalecki, M. 1972. Essays on the Economic Growth of the Socialist and the Mixed Economy. London: Unwin.
  • Kapadia, K., and S. Anandhi, eds. 2017. Dalit Women: Vanguard of an Alternative Politics in India. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Kaur, R., P. Ghosh, and R. Sudarshan. 2007. ‘Trade Liberalisation and Informality in the Rice Processing Industry.’ In Trade Liberalisation and India‘s Informal Economy, edited by B. Harriss-White, and A. Sinha, 128–233. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Kautsky, N. 1988. The Agrarian Question, Volume I. London: Zwan Publications.
  • Krishnamurthy, M. 2011. ‘Harda Mandi: Experiencing Change in an Agricultural Market in Central India (1980–2010).’ PhD Thesis. University College London University.
  • Krishnamurthy, M. 2015. ‘The Political Economy of Agricultural Markets: Insights from Within and Across Regions.’ In India Rural Development Report 2013/14. New Delhi: Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, Springer.
  • Lenin, V. I. 1899/1964. The Development of Capitalism in Russia. Moscow: Progress Publishers. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1899/devel/.
  • Lerche, J. 2010. ‘From “Rural Labour” to “Classes of Labour”: Class Fragmentation, Caste and Class Struggle at the Bottom of the Indian Labour Hierarchy.’ In The Comparative Political Economy of Development: Africa and South Asia Compared, edited by B. Harriss-White, and J. Heyer, 66–83. London: Routledge.
  • Lieven, M. 2018. Dispossession Without Development: Land Grabs in Neoliberal India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Lipion, M. 1968. ‘The Theory of the Optimising Peasant.’ Journal of Development Studies 4 (3): 327–351. doi: 10.1080/00220386808421262
  • Lutringer, C. 2010. ‘A Movement of “Subsidized Capitalists”? The Multi-level Influence of the Bharatiya Kisan Union in India.’ International Review of Sociology 20 (3): 513–531. doi: 10.1080/03906701.2010.511913
  • Mahon, M. 2012. ‘Interview with David Harvey.’ The White Review. http://www.thewhitereview.org/feature/interview-with-david-harvey/.
  • Marx, K. 1857. Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy, Notebook IV-5. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch09.htm.
  • Marx, K. 1863. ‘Formal Subsumption of Labour Under Capital.’ Economic Manuscripts of 1861−63, Vol. 20–21, Part 3, Sections 1303–16. Accessed May 28, 2012. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/economic/ch37.htm.
  • Marx, K. 1885. Capital, A Critique of Political Economy. Volume Two. The Process of Circulation of Capital. Accessed March 30, 2018. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1885-c2/.
  • Marx, K. 1887. Capital, A Critique of Political Economy. Volume One. The Process of Production of Capital. Accessed May 28, 2012. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf.
  • Marx, K. 1894. Capital, A Critique of Political Economy. Volume Three. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole. Accessed July 20, 2017. https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-III.pdf.
  • Millar, J. 1973. ‘Review: The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society: Russia 1910–1925 by Teodor Shanin.’ Soviet Studies 24 (4): 607–609.
  • Mishra, D. 2015. ‘Agrarian Relations and Institutional Diversity in Arunachal Pradesh.’ In Indian Capitalism in Development, edited by B. Harriss-White, and J. Heyer, 66–83. London and New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Mohan, T. 2015. ‘Labour Tying Arrangements, an Enduring Feature of Agrarian Capitalism in India.’ PhD Thesis. London School of Economics.
  • Mohanty, B.2016. Critical Perspectives on Agrarian Transition: India in the Global Debate. New York: Routledge.
  • Moser, C. O. N. 1978. ‘Informal Sector or Petty Commodity Production: Dualism or Dependence in Urban Development?.’ World Development 6 (9/10): 1041–1064. doi: 10.1016/0305-750X(78)90062-1
  • Mukherjee-Reed, A.2004. Corporate Capitalism in Contemporary South Asia. London: Palgrave.
  • Myrdal, G. 1968. Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of Nations. Clinton, MA: Penguin Books.
  • NCEUS (National Commission on Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector). 2007. Reports on the Financing of Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector and Creation of a National Fund for the Unorganised Sector. New Delhi: NCEUS, Government of India.
  • O’Connor, J. 1988. ‘Capitalism, Nature, Socialism: A Theoretical Introduction.’ Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 1 (1): 11–38. doi: 10.1080/10455758809358356
  • O’Connor, M., ed. 1994. Is Capitalism Sustainable? New York: Guildford Press.
  • OECD. 2017. Economic Survey of India 2017. Paris: OECD.
  • O’Laughlin, B. 2016. ‘Bernstein’s Puzzle: Peasants, Accumulation and Class Alliances in Africa.’ Journal of Agrarian Change 16 (3): 390–409. doi: 10.1111/joac.12177
  • Pal, D., S. Kanungo, B. Bal, K. Bhowmik, T. Mahapatra, and K. Sarkar. 2016. ‘Malnutrition Scenario among Schoolchildren in Eastern India: An Epidemiological Study.’ Epidemiology (Open Access) 6 (1): 1–9.
  • Patnaik, P. 2012. ‘The Perverse Transformation.’ 22nd Rajan Lecture, IRMA, Gujarat (January). Accessed April 19, 2012. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy39RVvV_c4.
  • Patnaik, P. 2017. ‘Contemporary Capitalism and the Shape it Takes in India.’ interview, The Wire, July 26. https://thewire.in/159148/prabhat-patnaik-interview-capitalism/.
  • Perelman, M. 2001. The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Pethybridge, R. 1976. ‘Review: Teodor Shanin, The Awkward Class.’ European History Quarterly 6 (2): 269–272.
  • Raj, K. N. 1973. ‘The Politics and Economics of Intermediate Regimes.’ Economic and Political Weekly 8 (27): 1189–1198.
  • Rani, U., and P. Belser. 2012. ‘Low Pay among Wage Earners and the Self-employed in India.’ International Labour Review 151 (3): 221–242. doi: 10.1111/j.1564-913X.2012.00146.x
  • RBI (Reserve Bank of India). 2017. Statistics. https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=17789.
  • Ruthven, O. 2008. ‘Metals and Morals in Moradabad, Perspectives on Ethics in the Workplace Across a Global Supply Chain.’ D Phil Thesis. Oxford University.
  • Sankaran, K. 2008. ‘Informal Economy, Own Account Workers and the Law: An Overview.’ WIEGO Law Pilot Project on the Informal Economy. Harvard University. http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/resources/files/fow_background_note.pdf.
  • Sanyal, K. 2007. Rethinking Capitalist Development: Primitive Accumulation, Governmentality and Post-Colonial Capitalism. New Delhi: Routledge.
  • Shanin, T. 1972. The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of Peasantry in a Developing Society Russia 1910–1925. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Sinha, A. 2007. ‘A SAM Framework of the Indian Informal Economy.’ In Trade Liberalisation and India‘s Informal Economy, edited by B. Harriss-White, and A. Sinha, 233–307. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Sinha, S. 2017. ‘Agrarian Accumulation in Liberalised India: a Study of Capitalist Farmers in Punjab.’ PhD Thesis. School of Oriental and African Studies, London.
  • White, G. 2016. ‘Towards a Political Analysis of Markets.’ Bulletin Institute of Development Studies 47 (2A): 45–58.
  • World Bank. 2016. India, World Bank Open Data. https://data.worldbank.org/country/india.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.