A Connectionist Model of Choice and Reaction Time in Absolute Identification

References

• Ackley , D. H. , Hinton , G. E. and Sejnowski , T. J. ( 1985 ) A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines . Cognitive Science , 9 , 147 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aha , D. W. and McNuity , D. M. ( 1989 ) Learning relative attribute weights for independent, instance-based concept descriptions . In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 530 – 537 . Hillsdale , NJ Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Aha , D. W. and McNuity , D. M. ( 1990 ) Learning attribute relevance in context in instance-based algorithms . In Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 141 – 148 . Hillsdale , NJ Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. A. ( 1990 ) Why, having so many neurons, do we have so few thoughts? Technical Report 90-1, Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. A. , Silverstein , J. W. , Ritz , S. A. and Jones , R. S. ( 1977 ) Distinctive features, categorical perception and probability learning some applications of a neural model . Psychological Review , 84 , 413 – 451 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. ( 1982 ) Acquisition of cognitive skills . Psychological Review , 89 , 369 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ash , T. ( 1989 ) Dynamic node creation in backpropagation networks . Technical Report ICS-8901 , Institute of Cognitive Science, University of California , San Diego .
   Google Scholar
• Ashby , F. G. and Gott , R. E. ( 1988 ) Decision rules in the perception and categorization of multidimensional stimuli . Journal of Experimental Psychology Memory and Cognition , 14 , 33 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird , J. C. and Noma , E. ( 1978 ) Fundamentals of Scaling and Psychophysics , New York Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Braida , L. D. and Durlach , N. I. ( 1972 ) Intensity perception II. Resolution in one-interval paradigms . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 46 , 372 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. D. , Dunbar , K. and McClelland , J. L. ( 1990 ) On the control of automatic processes a parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect . Psychological Review , 97 , 332 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crossman , E. R. F. W. ( 1958 ) A theory of the acquisition of speed-skill. Ergonomics , 2 , 153 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner , W. R. ( 1953 ) An information analysis of absolute judgements of loudness . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 46 , 373 – 380 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green , D. M. and Swets , J. A. ( 1966 ) Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics . New York Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Hale , D. J. ( 1969 ) Speed-error tradeoff in a three-choice serial reaction task . Acta Psychologica , 81 , 428 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• Hick , W. E. ( 1952 ) On the rate of gain of information . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 4 , 11 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honavar , V. ( 1990 ) Generative learning structures for generalized connectionist networks . PhD Thesis , University of Wisconsin , Madison , WI .
   Google Scholar
• Hoskins , J. C. ( 1989 ) Speeding up artificial neural networks in the ‘real’ world . MCC Technical Report STP-049-89 , Austin , TX MCC Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , G. M. and Watts , G. ( 1968 ) |btSpectral Analysis and its Applications|jt. San Francisco , CA Holden-Day .
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , S. , GeIlatt , C. D. and Vecchi , M. P. ( 1983 ) Optimization by simulated annealing . Science , 220 , 671 – 680 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch , C. and Ullman , S. ( 1985 ) Shifts in selective visual attention toward the underlying neural circuitry . Human Neurobiology , 5 , 219 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolen , J. F. and Pollack , J. B. ( 1990 ) Back-propagation is sensitive to initial conditions . Complex Systems , 4 , 269 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolers , P. A. ( 1975 ) Memorial consequences of automatized encoding . Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning and Memory , 1 , 689 – 701 .
   Google Scholar
• Kornbrot , D. E. ( 1978 ) Theoretical and empirical comparison of Luce's choice model and logistic Thrustone model of categorical judgment . Perception and Psychophysics , 24 , 193 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruglyak , L. ( 1990 ) How to solve the N bit encoder problem with just two hidden units . Neural Computation , 2 , 399 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Kruschke , J. K. & Movellan , J. R. ( 1991 ) Benefits of gain speeded learning and minimal hidden layers in back-propagation networks . IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics , 21 , 273 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruschke , J. K. ( 1992 ) ALCOVE an exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning . Psychological Review , 99 , 22 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacouture , Y. ( 1989 ) From mean square error to reaction time a model of word recognition . In D. Touretsky, G. Hinton & T. Sejnowski (Eds) , Proceedings of the 1988 Connectionist Models Summer School . San Mateo , CA : Morgan Kaufmann .
   Google Scholar
• Lacouture , Y. ( 1990 ) Connectionist models of choice and reaction time in psychophysics and word recognition . PhD Thesis , Department of Psychology, McGill University .
   Google Scholar
• Laming , D. R. J. ( 1966 ) A new interpretation of the relation between choice reaction time and number of equiprobable alternatives . British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , 19 , 139 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laming , D. R. J. ( 1968 ) Information Theory of Choice-Reaction Times . London Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• LeCun , Y. ( 1989 ) Generalization and network design strategies. Technical Report CGR-TR-89-4. Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Linsker , R. ( 1989 ) How to generate ordered maps by maximizing the mutual information between input and output signals . Neural Computation , 1 , 402 – 411 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan , G. D. ( 1988 ) Toward an instance theory of automatization. Psychological Review , 95 , 1 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Luce , R. D. ( 1986 ) Response Times Their Rolein Inferring Elementary Mental Organization . New York Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marley , A. A. J. and Cook , V. T. ( 1984 ) A fixed rehearsal capacity interpretation of limits on absolute identification performance . British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology , 37 , 136 – 151 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marley , A. A. J. and Lacouture , Y. ( 1991 ) Solving the N bit encoder problem with one linear hidden unit and a winner-take-all type output unit. Manuscript , Department of Psychology, McGill University, and École de Psychologie , Université Laval .
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , J. L. ( 1979 ) On the time-relations of mental processes an examination of systems of processes in cascade . Psychological Review , 86 , 287 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merkel , J. ( 1885 ) Die zeitlichen Verhaltnisse der Willensthatigkeit . Phihsophische Studien , 2 , 73 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , T. P. ( 1980 ) Compiling cognitive skill . AIP memo ISO , Xerox PARC , Palo Alto , CA .
   Google Scholar
• Murdock , B. B. ( 1960 ) The distinctiveness of stimuli . Psychological Review , 67 , 16 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisser , U. , Novick , R. and Lazar , R. ( 1963 ) Searching for ten targets simultaneously . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 17 , 427 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neves , D. M. and Anderson , J. R. ( 1981 ) Knowledge compilation mechanisms for the automatization of cognitive skills . In J. R. Anderson (Ed.) , Cognitive Skills and Their Acquisition , pp. 57 – 84 . Hillsdale , NJ Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Newell , A. and Rosenbloom , R. ( 1981 ) Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice . In J. A. Anderson (Ed.) , Learning and Cognition , pp. 1 – 55 . Hillsdale , NJ Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Niranjan , M. and Fallside , F. ( 1988 ) Neural networks and radial base functions in classifying static speech patterns . Technical Report CUED/F-INFENG/TR.22 , C ambridge University Engineering Department .
   Google Scholar
• Nosofsky , R. M. ( 1988 ) Exemplar-based accounts of relations between classification, recognition and typicality . Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning and Cognition , 14 , 700 – 708 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavel , M. , Gluck , M. A. and Henkle , V. ( 1988 ) Generalizations by humans and multi-layer adaptive networks . Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society , pp. 680 – 687 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Pavel , M. , Gluck , M. A. and Henkle , V. ( 1989 ) Constraints on adaptative networks for modelling human generalization . In D. Touretzky (Ed.) , Advances in Neural Information Systems I , pp. 2 – 10 . San Mateo , CA : Morgan Kaufmann .
   Google Scholar
• Pollack , I. ( 1953 ) The information of elementary auditory displays, II. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 25 , 765 – 770 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollatsek , A. and Tversky , A. ( 1970 ) A theory of risk . Journal of Mathematical Psychology , 1 , 540 – 553 .
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , R. ( 1978 ) A theory of memory retrieval . Psychological Review , 85 , 59 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliff , R. ( 1990 ) Connectionist models of recognition and memory-constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions . Psychological Review , 97 , 285 – 308 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelhart , D. E. , Hinton , G. E. and Williams , R. J. ( 1986 ) Learning internal representations by error propagation . In D. E. Rumelhart & J. L. McClelland (Eds) , Parallel Distributed Processing. Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition , Vol. 1 , chapt. 8 , pp. 318 – 362 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Seibel , R. ( 1963 ) Discrimination reaction time for a 1,023-alternati ves task . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 66 , 215 – 226 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seidenberg , M. S. and McClelland , J. L. ( 1989 ) A distributed developmental model of word recognition and naming . Psychological Review , 96 , 523 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sejnowski , T. J. and Rosenberg , C. R. ( 1987 ) Parallel networks that learn to pronounce English text . Complex Systems , 1 , 145 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Shannon , C. E. ( 1948 ) A mathematical theory of communication . Bell System Technical Journal , 27 , 379 – 423 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipley , E. F. ( 1961 ) Detection and recognition with uncertainty . PhD Thesis , Department of Psychology , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Snoddy , G. S. ( 1926 ) Learning and stability . Journal of Applied Psychology , 10 , 1 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. , Pachella , R. G. and Smith , J. E. K. ( 1977 ) An analysis of confusion errors in naming letters under speed stress . Perception & Psychophysics , 21 , 545 – 552 .
   Google Scholar
• Swets , J. A. ( 1959 ) Indices of signal detectability obtained with various psychophysical procedures . Journal of the Acoustical Society of America , 31 , 511 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner , W. P. , Swets , J. A. and Green , D. M. ( 1956 ). Some general properties of the hearing mechanism . Technical Report 30 , Electronic Defence Group, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI .
   Google Scholar
• Teichner , W. H. and Krebs , M. J. ( 1974 ) Laws of visual choice reaction time . Psychological Review , 81 , 75 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend , J. T. and Ashby , F. G. ( 1983 ) Stochastic Modeling of Elementary Psychological Processes . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vickers , D. ( 1979 ) Decision Processes in Visual Perception . New York Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , L. M. and Lockhead , G. R. ( 1970 ) Sequential effects and memory in category judgments . Journal of Ekperimental Psychology , 84 , 27 – 34 .
   Google Scholar