Synergistic effect of combined protopanaxatiol and ginsenoside Rh2 on antiproliferative activity in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in vitro

References

• Adams, L. S., Phung, S. N., Seeram, N. P., Li, L., & Chen, S. (2010). Blueberry phytochemicals inhibit growth and metastatic potential of mda-mb-231 breast cancer cells through modulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Cancer Research, 70, 3594–3605. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, C. L., & Gu, W. (2003). Ubiquitination, phosphorylation and acetylation: The molecular basis for p53 regulation. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 15, 164–171. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-0674(03)00003-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, S., Kim, T. W., & Singh, S. V. (2009). Ginsenoside Rh2-mediated G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells is caused by p15Ink4B and p27Kip1-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases. Pharmaceutical Research, 26, 2280–2288. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-009-9944-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou, T. C. (2010). Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou-Talalay method. Cancer Research, 70, 440–446. doi: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-1947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, K. S., Cho, S. H., Shin, J. S., Kim, D. H., Choi, J. H., Choi, S. Y., & Lee, K. T. (2013). Ginsenoside Rh2 induces cell cycle arrest and differentiation in human leukemia cells by upregulating TGF-β expression. Carcinogenesis, 34, 331–340. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgs341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felice, D. L., Sun, J., & Liu, R. H. (2009). A modified methylene blue assay for accurate cell counting. Journal of Functional Foods, 1, 109–118. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., Dikshit, R., Eser, S., Mathers, C., & Rebelo, M. (2015). Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in globocan 2012. International Journal of Cancer, 136, E359–E386. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, D., Zeng, X., Liu, R. H., & Ye, H. (2015). Potential mechanism of mycelium polysaccharide from pholiotadinghuensis bi in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer mcf-7 cells through p38/mapk pathway. Journal of Functional Foods, 12, 375–388. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., Chu, S. F., Li, J. P., Zhang, Z., Yan, J. Q., Wen, Z. L., & Guo, X. F. (2015). Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington’s disease. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 36, 311–322. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2014.107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, K. L., Jung, M. H., Sohn, J. H., & Hwang, J. K. (2006). Ginsenoside 20 (S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor. GAMMA. (PPAR. GAMMA.) in 3T3–L1 adipocytes. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 29, 110–113. doi: https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, X., Li, T., & Liu, R. H. (2016). 2α-Hydroxyursolic acid inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells through the p38/MAPK signal transduction pathway. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 64, 1806–1816. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. S., & Jin, S. H. (2004). Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptosis via activation of caspase-1 and -3 and up-regulation of Bax in human neuroblastoma. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 27, 834–839. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02980175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Kim, A. K. (2015). Anti-breast cancer activity of fine black ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) and ginsenoside Rg5. Journal of Ginseng Research, 39, 125–134. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2014.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. S., Lee, E. H., Ko, S. R., Choi, K. J., Park, J. H., & Im, D. S. (2004). Effects of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 27, 425–429.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreike, B., van Kouwenhove, M., Horlings, H., Weigelt, B., Peterse, H., Bartelink, H., & van de Vijver, M. J. (2007). Gene expression profiling andhistopathological characterization of triple-negative/basal-like breastcarcinomas. Breast Cancer Research, 9, R65. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr1771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laptenko, O., & Prives, C. (2006). Transcriptional regulation by p53: One protein, many possibilities. Cell Death and Differentiation, 13, 951–961. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4401916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. H., Kim, H. L., Lee, M. H., You, K. E., Kwon, B. J., Seo, H. J., & Park, J. C. (2012). Asiaticoside enhances normal human skin cell migration, attachment and growth in vitro wound healing model. Phytomedicine, 19, 1223–1227. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., Kim, M., Shin, S. S., & Yoon, M. (2014). Ginseng treatment reverses obesity and related disorders by inhibiting angiogenesis in female db/db mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 155, 1342–1352. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, J., Wei, Q., Zuo, G. W., Xia, J., You, Z. M., Li, C. L., & Chen, D. L. (2014). Ginsenoside Rg1 induces apoptosis through inhibition of the EpoR-mediated JAK2/STAT5 signalling pathway in the TF-1/Epo human leukemia cell line. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15, 2453–2459. doi: https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.6.2453
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu, R. H. (2004). Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: Mechanism of action. The Journal of Nutrition, 134, 3479S–3485S. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/134.12.3479S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, S., Kilic, G., Meyers, M. S., Navarro, G., Wang, Y., Oberholzer, J., & Mauvais, J. F. (2013). Oestrogens improve human pancreatic islet transplantation in a mouse model of insulin deficient diabetes. Diabetologia, 56, 370–381. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2764-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Z. H., Li, J., Xia, J., Jiang, R., Zuo, G. W., Li, X. P., … Chen, D. L. (2015). Ginsenoside 20(s)-Rh2 as potent natural histone deacetylase inhibitors suppressing the growth of human leukemia cells. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 242, 227–234. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2015.10.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, Q., Zhang, P. H., Wang, Q., & Li, S. L. (2014). Ginsenoside F2 induces apoptosis in humor gastric carcinoma cells through reactive oxygen species-mitochondria pathway and modulation of ASK-1/JNK signaling cascade in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine, 21, 515–522. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, M., Choi, Y. H., Choi, S., Chung, H., Kim, K., Kim, S. I., & Kim, N. D. (1999). Anti-proliferating effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology, 14, 869–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh, H. A., Kim, D. E., Choi, H. J., Kim, N. J., & Kim, D. H. (2015). Anti-fatigue effects of 20 (S)-protopanaxadiol and 20 (S)-protopanaxatriol in mice. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 38, 1415–1419. doi: https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b15-00230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, H. M., Kim, S. J., Kim, J. S., & Kang, H. S. (2012). Reactive oxygen species mediated ginsenoside Rg3- and Rh2-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells through mitochondrial signaling pathways. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, 2736–2741. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan, K., Liu, Q., Wan, J. Y., Zhao, Y. J., Guo, R. Z., Alolga, R. N., & Qi, L. W. (2015). Rapid preparation of rare ginsenosides by acid transformation and their structure-activity relationships against cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 5, 1–7. doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/JSRR/2015/14076
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, Y. M., Jung, H. J., Choi, W. Y., & Lim, C. J. (2013). Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitory activities of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in cultured mammalian cell lines. Molecular Biology Reports, 40, 269–279. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-012-2058-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shishtar, E., Jovanovski, E., Jenkins, A., & Vuksan, V. (2014). Effects of Korean white ginseng (panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) on vascular and glycemic health in type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, multiple-crossover, acute dose escalation trial. Clinical Nutrition Research, 3, 89–97. doi: https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2014.3.2.89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tapia, P. A., Argandona, F., Palomino, W. A., & Devoto, L. (2013). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) modulation of TIMP1 secretion by human endometrial stromal cells facilitates extravilloustrophoblast invasion in vitro. Human Reproduction, 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, N., Wu, G. C., Hu, R., Li, M., & Feng, H. (2011). Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits glioma cell proliferation by targeting microRNA-128. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 32, 345–353. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2010.220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie, X., Eberding, A., Madera, C., Fazl, L., Jia, W., Goldenberg, L., … Guns, E. S. (2006). Rh2 synergistically enhances paclitaxel or mitoxantrone in prostate cancer models. International Braz J Urol, 175, 1926–1931.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J., & Liu, R. (2009). HSynergistic effect of apple extracts and quercetin 3-beta-d-glucoside combination on antiproliferative activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(18), 8581–8586. doi: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8039796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, D., Wang, J., Kong, P., Chang, C., Li, J., & Li, J. (2014). Ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits HIF-1alpha and VEGF expression in patient with acute leukemia via inhibiting the activation of PI3 K/Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. International Journal of Experimental Pathology, 7, 2172–2178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., Yu, H., & Hou, J. (2011). Effects of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rh2 on proliferation and apoptosis of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 36, 1670–1674.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Yu, L., Cai, W., Fan, S., Feng, L., Ji, G., & Huang, C. (2014). Protopanaxatriol, a novel PPARγ antagonist from Panax ginseng, alleviates steatosis in mice. Scientific Reports, 4, 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar