The mysteries and demands of HIV care: qualitative analyses of HIV specialists’ views on their expertise

References

• AAHIVM. (2001). The HIV specialist: definitions and qualifications. American Academy of HIV Medicine Position Statement, August.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, J.G. & Volberding, P. (1998). HIV care delivery in the US. Paper presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Infectious Disease Society of America, 12–15 November, Denver, Colorado.
   Google Scholar
• Biernacki , P and Waldorf , D . 1981 . Snowball sampling . Sociological Methods and Research , 10 (2) : 141 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boswell, S.L., Hecht, F.M., Powderly, W.G., Soloway, B. & Volberding, P.A. (2001). HIV expertise: a roundtable. AIDS Clinical Care, 13(9), 79–81, 84–85.
   Google Scholar
• Brosgart , CL , Mitchell , TF , Coleman , RL , Dyner , T , Stephenson , KE and Abrams , DI . 1999 . Clinical experience and choice of drug therapy for human immunodeficiency virus disease . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 28 (1) : 14 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman , WJ , Randall , R and Cohn , DL . 1998 . Conservative management of early HIV disease . Journal of the American Medical Association , 280 (1) : 93 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , CC , Cooper , DA , Fischl , MA , Gatell , JM , Gazzard , BG , Hammer , SM , Hirsch , MS , Jacobsen , DM , Katzenstein , DA , Montaner , JS , Richman , DD , Saag , MS , Schechter , M , Schooley , RT , Thompson , MA , Vella , S , Yeni , PG and Volberding , PA . 2000 . Antiretroviral therapy in adults: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel . Journal of the American Medical Association , 283 (3) : 381 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , CC , Fischl , MA , Hammer , SM , Hirsch , MS , Jacobsen , DM , Katzenstein , DA , Montaner , JS , Richman , DD , Saag , MS , Schooley , RT , Thompson , MA , Vella , S , Yeni , PG and Volberding , PA . 1996 . Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1996. Recommendations of an international panel. International AIDS Society-USA . Journal of the American Medical Association , 276 : 146 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , C , Fischl , M , Hammer , S , Hirsch , M , Jacobsen , D , Katzenstein , D , Montaner , J , Richman , D , Saag , M , Schooley , R , Thompson , MA , Vella , S , Yeni , PG and Volberding , PA . 1997 . Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1997. Updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel . Journal of the American Medical Association , 277 (24) : 1962 – 1969 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter , CC , Fischl , MA , Hammer , SM , Hirsch , MS , Jacobsen , DM , Katzenstein , DA , Montaner , JS , Richman , DD , Saag , MS , Schooley , RT , Thompson , MA , Vella , S , Yeni , PG and Volberding , PA . 1998 . Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in 1998: updated recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel . Journal of the American Medical Association , 280 (1) : 78 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr , A , Samaras , K , Thorisdottir , A , Kaufmann , GR , Chisholm , DJ and Cooper , DA . 1999 . Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study . The Lancet , 353 (9170) : 2093 – 2099 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney , M . 1998 . New antiretroviral therapies: adherence challenges and strategies . HIV Newsline , 3 (3) : 65 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• del Rio , C . 2001 . HIV: it's beginning to look like a chronic disease . AIDS Clinical Care , 13 (9) : 82 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeSilva , KE , Le Flore , DB , Marston , BJ and Rimland , D . 2001 . Serotonin syndrome in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy and fluoxetine . AIDS , 15 (10) : 1281 – 1285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flexner , C . 1998 . HIV-protease inhibitors . New England Journal of Medicine , 338 (18) : 1281 – 1292 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbert , B , Bronstone , A , Clanon , K , Abercrombie , P and Bangsberg , D . 2000 . Combination antiretroviral therapy: health care providers confront emerging dilemmas . AIDS Care , 12 (4) : 409 – 421 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbert , B , Moe , J , Saag , M , Benson , C , Jacobsen , D , Feraios , A , Hill , M , Bronstone , A , Caspers , N and Volberding , P . 2001 . Toward a definition of HIV expertise: a survey of experienced HIV physicians . AIDS Patient Care and STDs , 15 : 321 – 330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht , FM , Wilson , IB , Wu , AW , Cook , RL and Turner , BJ . 1999 . Optimizing care for persons with HIV infection. Society of General Internal Medicine AIDS Task Force . Annals of Internal Medicine , 131 (2) : 136 – 143 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heredia, C. (2002). HIV carriers face new health battles as they live longer. San Francisco Chronicle, February 28, pp. A1, A12.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch , MS , Brun-Vezinet , F , D'Aquila , RT , Hammer , SM , Johnson , VA , Kuritzkes , DR , Loveday , C , Mellors , JW , Clotet , B , Conway , B , Demeter , LM , Vella , S , Jacobsen , DM and Richman , DD . 2000 . Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adult HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA Panel . Journal of the American Medical Association , 282 (18) : 2417 – 2426 .
   Google Scholar
• Kitahata , MM , Koepsell , TD , Deyo , RA , Maxwell , CL , Dodge , WT and Wagner , EH . 1996 . Physicians’ experience with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as a factor in patients’ survival . New England Journal of Medicine , 334 (11) : 701 – 706 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitahata , MM , Van Rompaey , SE and Shields , AW . 2000 . Physician experience in the care of HIV-infected persons is associated with earlier adoption of new antiretroviral therapy . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes , 24 (2) : 106 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuzel AJ Sampling in qualitative inquiry Doing qualitative research Crabtree B.F., Miller W.L. (eds) Sage Newbury Park CA 31 44 1992
   Google Scholar
• Landon , B , Wilson , I , Wenger , N , Cohn , S , Fichtenbaum , C , Bozzette , S , Shapiro , M and Cleary , P . 2002 . Specialty training and specialization among physicians who treat HIV/AIDS in the United States . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 17 : 12 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln YS Guba EG Naturalistic inquiry, Sage Beverly Hills CA 1985
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , EL , Collier , AC , Kalish , LA , Assmann , SF , Para , MF , Flanigan , TP , Kumar , PN , Mintz , L , Wallach , FR and Nemo , GJ . 2001 . Highly active antiretroviral therapy decreases mortality and morbidity in patients with advanced HIV disease . Annals of Internal Medicine , 135 (1) : 17 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton MQ Qualitative evaluation and research methods, Sage Newbury Park CA 1990
   Google Scholar
• Piscitelli , SC , Flexner , C , Minor , JR , Polis , MA and Masur , H . 1996 . Drug interactions in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 23 (4) : 685 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powderly, W. & HIVMA. (2002). Letter to Membership from the Chair of the HIVMA Board. HIV Quality Care Newsletter website December 2001–January 2002. Available at: http://www.idsociety.org/HIV/Newsletters/December_January2002 Newsletter.pdf. Accessed 18 March, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Rabkin , JG and Chesney , MA . 1997 . Adhering to complex regimens for HIV . HIV Newsline , 12 (4) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Saag , MS , Holodniy , M , Kuritzkes , DR , O'Brien , WA , Coombs , R , Poscher , ME , Jacobsen , DM , Shaw , GM , Richman , DD and Volberding , PA . 1996 . HIV viral load markers in clinical practice . Nature Medicine , 2 (6) : 625 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski , M . 1986 . The problem of rigor in qualitative research . Advances in Nursing Science , 8 (3) : 27 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarcz , SK , Hsu , LC , Vittinghoff , E and Katz , MH . 2000 . Impact of protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral treatments on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome survival in San Francisco, California, 1987–1996 . American Journal of Epidemiology , 152 (2) : 178 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton , DJ , Band , J , Berman , S , Bradley , J , Dalovisio , JR , Ingram , C , Joseph , WP , Petrak , RM , Slama , TG and Wade , BH . 1998 . Primary care of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus . Clinical Infectious Diseases , 26 (2) : 275 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone , VE , Mansourati , FF , Poses , RM and Mayer , KH . 2001 . Relation of physician specialty and HIV/AIDS experience to choice of guideline-recommended antiretroviral therapy . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 16 (6) : 360 – 368 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss AL Corbin J Basics of qualitative research: grounded theory procedures and techniques, Sage Newbury Park CA 1990
   Google Scholar
• Tseng , AL and Foisy , MM . 1997 . Management of drug interactions in patients with HIV . Annals of Pharmacotherapy , 31 (9) : 1040 – 1058 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng , AL and Foisy , MM . 1999 . Significant interactions with new antiretrovirals and psychotropic drugs . Annals of Pharmacotherapy , 33 (4) : 461 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Departmentof Healthand Human Resources (2001). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents. Available at: http://www.hivatis.org/guidelines/adult/Feb04_02/AdultGdl.pdf. Accessed March 25, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Wainberg , MA and Friendland , G . 1998 . Public health implications of antiretroviral therapy and HIV drug resistance . Journal of the American Medical Association , 279 (24) : 1977 – 1983 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willard , CL , Liljestrand , P , Goldschmidt , RH and Grumbach , K . 1999 . Is experience with human immunodeficiency virus disease related to clinical practice? A survey of rural primary care physicians . Archives of Family Medicine , 8 (6) : 502 – 509 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuger , A and Sharp , V . 1997 . HIV specialists’: the time has come . Journal of the American Medical Association , 278 (14) : 1131 – 1132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar