Drastic elevations in mortality among female injection drug users in a Canadian setting

References

• BBC Online (2002) . Pig farmer in court over missing women . 26 Feb. Available: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1841046.stm (accessed 19 November, 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• BC Vital Statistics Agency (1991–1999) . Regional Analysis of Health Statistics for Status Indians in British Columbia . Vancouver : BC VSA .
   Google Scholar
• Benoit , C. , Carroll , D. and Chaudhry , M. 2003 . In search of a healing place: Aboriginal women in Vancouver's Downtown eastside . Social Science and Medicine , 56 ( 4 ) : 821 – 833 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , J. , Cook , J.A. and Cohen , M. 2003 . Dissatisfaction with medical care among women with HIV: dimensions and associated factors . AIDS Care , 15 : 451 – 462 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , M. , French , A. and Benning , L. 2002 . Causes of death among women with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy . American Journal of Medicine , 113 : 91 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craib , K.J.P. , Spittal , P.M. and Wood , E. 2003 . Risk factors for Elevated HIV incidence among Aboriginal injectors in Vancouver . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 168 : 19 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culhane , D. , Gollub , E. and Kuhn , R. 2001 . The co-occurance of AIDS and homelessness:results from the intergration of databases for AIDS surveillance and public shelter utilization in Philadelphia . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 55 : 515 – 520 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellen , J. , Bonu , S. , Arruda , J.S. , Ward , M.A. and Vogel , R. 2001 . Comparison of clients of a mobile health van and a traditional STD clinic . Journal of AIDS , 32 : 2 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , B. , Hovell , M. , Hofstetter , C.R. and Hough , R. 1995 . Risks associated with long term homelessness among women: battery, rape and HIV infection . International Journal of Health Services , 25 : 351 – 369 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Globe and Mail (2003) . B.C Document details welfare cuts . New regulations will force up to 29,000 people off rolls as of next April, NDP says. 21 October , p. A8 .
   Google Scholar
• Gossop , M. , Stewart , D. , Treacy , S. and Marsden , J. 2002 . A prosepctive study of mortality among drug misusers during a four year period after seeking treatment . Addiction , 97 ( 1 ) : 39 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guardian (2002) . Macabre lead in mass killing . 11 Feb. Available: http:// www.guardian.co.uk/elsewhere/journalist/story/0,7792,648523,00.html (accessed 19 November, 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• Hickman , M. , Carnwath , Z. and Madden , P. 2003 . Drug related mortality and overdose risk: pilot cohort study of heroin users recruited from specialist drug treatment sites in London . Journal of Urban Health , 80 ( 2 ) : 274 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr , T. and Palepu , A. 2001 . Safe injection facilities in Canada: is it time? . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 165 ( 4 ) : 436 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushel , M. , Evans , J. , Perry , S. , Robertson , M. and Moss , A. 2003 . No door to lock: Victimization among homeless and marginally housed patients . Archives of Internal Medicine , 163 : 2492 – 2499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowman , J. 2004 . Reconvening the federal committee on prostitution law reform . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 171 ( 2 ) : 147 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowman , J. , & Fraser , L. (1996) . Violence against persons who prostitute: the experience in British Columbia . Technical Report No. TR1996-14e Ottawa ; Department of Justice Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Mellins , C.A. , Kang , E. , Leu , C.S. , Havens , J.F. and Chesney , M.A. 2003 . Longitudinal study of mental health and psychosocial predictors of medical treatment adherence in mothers living with HIV disease . AIDS Patient Care and STDs. , 17 ( 8 ) : 407 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , M. and Neaigus , A. 2002 . An economy of risk: resource acquisition strategies of inner city women who use drugs . International Journal of Drug Policy , 13 : 409 – 418 .
   Google Scholar
• National Post (2002) . Pickton Accused in 4 more deaths: this is now the largest serial killer investigation in Canadian history . 3 October , p. A1 .
   Google Scholar
• Oscapella , E. (1995) . How Canadian laws and policies on'illegal' drugs contribute to the spread of HIV infection and hepatitis B and C . Available: http://www.cfdp.ca/aidsd95.html (accessed 18 Oct 2002) . Canadian Foundation for Drug Policy .
   Google Scholar
• RCMP Online . http://www.rcmp-bcmedia.ca/missing women.jsp .
   Google Scholar
• Remis , R.S. 2002 . HIV incidence among injection drug users in Vancouver . Canadian Medical Association Journal , 166 ( 7 ) : 908 – 909 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (2003) . United Nations Supplement (No. 38 (A/58/38.)) .
   Google Scholar
• Romero-Daza , N. , Weeks , M. and Singer , M. 2003 . Nobody gives a damn if i live or die': violence, drugs AND street level prostitution in inner city Hartford, Connecticut . Medical Anthropology , 22 : 233 – 259 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selwyn , P. 1991 . Injection drug use, mortality, and the AIDS epidemic . American Journal of Public Health , 81 ( 10 ) : 1247 – 1249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shyrock , H. and Siegal , J. 1976 . The methods and materials of demography , Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. , Gardner , L. and Phelps , R. 2003 . Mortality Rates and Causes of Death in a Cohort of HIV Infected and Uninfected Women, 1993–1999 . Journal of Urban health , 80 ( 4 ) : 676 – 686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spittal , P. , Bruneau , J. and Craib , K. 2003 . Surviving the sex trade: A comparison of HIV risk behaviours among street involved women in to Canadian cities . AIDS Care , 15 : 187 – 195 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spittal , P.M. , Craib , K.J. , Wood , E. , Laliberte , N. , Li , K. , Tyndall , M.W. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. and Schechter , M.T. 2002 . Risk factors for elevated HIV incidence rates among female injection drug users in Vancouver . Canadian Medial Association Journal , 166 ( 7 ) : 894 – 899 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spittal , P.M. and Schechter , M.T. 2001 . Injection drug use and despair through the lens of gender . Canadian Medial Association Journal , 164 ( 6 ) : 802 – 803 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathdee , S.A. , Palepu , A. , Cornelisse , P.G. , Yip , B. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. , Montaner , J.S. , Schechter , M.T. and Hogg , R.S. 1998 . Barriers to use of free antiretroviral therapy in injection drug users . Journal of the American Medical Association , 280 ( 6 ) : 547 – 549 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathdee , S.A. , Patrick , D.M. , Currie , S.L. , Cornelisse , P.G. , Rekart , M.L. , Montaner , J.S. , Schechter , M.T. and O'Shaughnessy , M.V. 1997 . Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study . AIDS , 11 ( 8 ) : F59 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyndall , M.W. , Craib , K.J. , Currie , S. , Li , K. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. and Schechter , M.T. 2001 . Impact of HIV infection on mortality in a cohort of injection drug users . Journal of AIDS , 28 ( 4 ) : 351 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations (2003) . BC Singled out for Criticism by UN . 4 March . http://www.justicefor girls.org/onthe watch/pr 03042003 cedaw.html (accessed Nov 19, 2003) .
   Google Scholar
• Wechsberg , W. , Lam , W. , Zule , W. and Hall , G. 2003 . Violence, homelessness, and HIV risk among crack using African-American women . Substance Use and Misuse , 38 : 669 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , E. , Montaner , J. and Bangsberg , D. 2003a . Extending Access to HIV antiretroviral therapy to marginalized populations in the developed world . AIDS , 17 : 2419 – 2427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , E. , Montaner , J. , Schechter , M. , MW , T. , MV , O.S. and RS , H. 2003b . Prevalence and Correlates of untreated HIV 1 infection in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy . Journal of Infectious Diseases. , 188 : 1164 – 1170 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , E. , Tyndall , M.W. , Spittal , P.M. , Li , K. , Kerr , T. , Hogg , R.S. Montaner , J.S.G. , O'Shaughnessy , M.V. , & Schechter , M.T. (2001) . Unsafe injection practices in a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver: Could safer injection rooms help? Canadian Medial Association Journal , 165 (4) .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , E. , Spittal , P. , Li , K. , Kerr , T. , Miller , C.L. , & Hogg , R.S. (2004) . Inability to access addiction treatment and risk of HIV infection among injection drug Users . Journal of AIDS . Jun 1(2) ; 36 (2) , 750 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar