Psychopathology of first-episode psychosis in HIV-positive persons in comparison to first-episode schizophrenia: A neglected issue

References

• Alciati , A. , Fusi , A. , D'arminio , M.A. , Coen , M. Ferri , A. 2001 . New-onset delusions and hallucinations in patients infected with HIV . Journal of Psychiatry Neuroscience , 26 : 229 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1987 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edition revised) (DSM-III-R) , Washington , DC : American Psychiatric Association .
   Google Scholar
• Bedos , J.P. , Chastang , C. , Lucet , J.C. , Kalo , T. Gachot , B. 1995 . Early predictors of outcome for HIV patients with neurological failure . The Journal of the American Medical Association , 273 : 35 – 40 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC . 1992 . 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults (1992) . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 41 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Chan , K.S. , Orlando , M. , Joyce , G. , Gifford , A.L. Burnarn , M.A. 2003 . Combination antiretroviral therapy and improvements in mental health: Results from a nationally representative sample of persons undergoing care for HIV in the United States . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome , 33 : 104 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad , K. 1958 . Die beginnende Schizophrenie , Stuttgart : Thieme .
   Google Scholar
• Crichton , P. and Lewis , S. 1990 . Delusional misidentification, AIDS and the right hemisphere . The British Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 608 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ronchi , D. , Faranca , I. , Forti , P. , Ravaglia , G. Borderi , M. 2000 . Development of acute psychotic disorders and HIV-1 infection . International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine , 30 : 173 – 183 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ronchi , D. , Faranca , I. , Berardi , D. , Scudellari , P. Borderi , M. 2002 . Risk factors for cognitive impairment in HIV-1-infected persons with different risk behaviors . Archives of Neurology , 59 : 812 – 818 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dew , M.A. , Becker , J.T. , Sanchez , J. , Caldararo , R. Lopez , O.L. 1997 . Prevalence and predictors of depressive, anxiety and substance use disorders in HIV-infected and uninfected men: A longitudinal evaluation . Psychological Reports , 27 ( 2 ) : 383 – 393 .
   Google Scholar
• Dolder , C.R. , Patterson , T.L. and Jeste , D.V. 2004 . HIV, psychosis and aging: Past, present and future . AIDS , 18 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 35 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Dubé , B. , Benton , T. , Cruess , D.G. and Evans , D.L. 2005 . Neuropsychiatric manifestations of HIV infection and AIDS . Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience , 30 ( 4 ) : 237 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Mallakh , R.S. 1991 . Mania in AIDS: Clinical significance and theoretical considerations . International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine , 21 : 383 – 391 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Mallakh , R.S. 1992 . AIDS dementia-related psychosis: Is there a window of vulnerability? . AIDS Care , 4 ( Suppl. 4 ) : 381 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley , R. , Rabinowitz , J. and Torreman , M. 2003 . The factor structure for the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) in recent-onset psychosis . Schizophrenia Research , 61 : 47 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ey , H. , Bernard , P. and Brisset , C. 1960 . Manuel de Psychiatrie , Paris, Masson .
   Google Scholar
• Falkai , P. 1996 . Differential diagnosis in acute psychotic episode . International Clinical Psychopharmacology , 11 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 13 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feher , E.P. , Mahurin , R.K. , Doody , R.S. , Cooke , N. Sims , J. 1992 . Establishing the limits of the mini-mental state. Examination of ‘subtests’ . Archives of Neurology , 49 : 87 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folstein , M.F. , Folstein , S.E. and McHugh , P.R. 1975 . ‘Mini-mental state’: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gask , L.L. and & Usherwood , T. 2002 . ABC of psychological medicine: The consultation . British Medical Journal , 324 ( 7353 ) : 1567 – 1569 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg , T.E. and Weinberger , D.R. 1996 . Effects of neuroleptic medications on the cognition of patients with schizophrenia: A review of recent studies . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 57 ( Suppl. 9 ) : 62 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamilton , M. 1959 . The assessment of anxiety states by rating . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 32 : 50 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , M. 1960 . Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness . Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry , 23 : 56 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holthausen , E.A. , Wiersma , D. , Knegtering , R.H. and Van den Bosch , R.J. 1999 . Psychopathology and cognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: The role of depressive symptoms . Schizophrenia Research , 39 : 65 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaspers , K. 1959 . Allgemeine Psycopatologie , Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , S.R. 1991 . Positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia: Assessment and research , New York : Brunner-Mazel ed .
   Google Scholar
• Kay , S.R. , Opler , L.A. and Fiszbein , A. 2000 . The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Manual , Multi-Health Systems, Inc.Toronto .
   Google Scholar
• Koreen , A.R. , Siris , S.G. , Chakos , M. , Alvir , J. Mayerhoff , D. 1993 . Depression in first-episode schizophrenia . American Journal of Psychiatry , 150 : 1643 – 1648 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koutsilieri , E. , Scheller , C. , Sopper , S. , Ter , M.V. and Riederer , P. 2002 . Psychiatric complications in human immunodeficiency virus infection . Journal of Neurovirology , 8 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 129 – 133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lautenschlager , N.T. and Forstl , H. 2001 . Organic psychosis: Insight into the biology of psychosis . Current Psychiatry Reports , 3 : 319 – 325 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lezak , M.D. 1995 . Neuropsychological assessment (3rd edition) , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Maj , M. 1990 . Organic mental disorders in HIV-1 infection . AIDS , 4 ( Suppl. 9 ) : 831 – 840 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra , S. and Malhotra , S. 2003 . Acute and transient psychotic disorders: Comparison with schizophrenia . Current Psychiatry Reports , 5 : 178 – 186 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayou , R. and Farmer , A. 2002 . ABC of psychological medicine: Functional somatic symptoms and syndromes . British Medical Journal , 325 ( 7358 ) : 265 – 268 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller , D. and Riccio , M. 1990 . Non-organic psychiatric and psychological syndromes associated with HIV-1 infection and disease . AIDS , 4 : 381 – 388 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortimer , A.M. 1997 . Cognitive function in schizophrenia: Do neuroleptics make a difference? . Pharmacology Biochemestry and Behavior , 56 : 789 – 795 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosthuizen , P. , Emsley , R.A. , Roberts , M.C. , Turner , J. Keyter , L. 2002 . Depressive symptoms at baseline predict fewer negative symptoms at follow-up in patients with first-episode schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Research , 58 : 247 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overall J.E. , & Gorham , D.R. ( 1962 ). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale . Psychological Reports , 799 – 812 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth , M. , Tym , E. , Mountjoy , C.Q. , Huppert , F.A. Hendrie , H. 1986 . CAMDEX: A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia . British Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 698 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell , D.D. , Jeste , D.V. , Atkinson , J.H. , Heaton , R.K. Hesselink , J.R. 1994 . HIV-associated psychosis: A study of 20 cases. San Diego HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center Group . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 237 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sewell , D.D. 1996 . Schizophrenia and HIV . Schizophrenia Bullettin , 22 : 465 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R.L. , Williams , J.B. , Gibbon , M. and First , M.B. 1992 . The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale and description . Archives of General Psychiatry , 49 : 624 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susser , E. , Colson , P. , Jandorf , L. , Berkman , A. Lavelle , J. 1997 . HIV infection among young adults with psychotic disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 864 – 866 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot-Stern , J.K. , Green , T. and Royle , T.J. 2000 . Psychiatric manifestations of systemic illness . Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America , 18 ( 2 ) : 199 – 209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellenbach , H. 1961 . Melancholie , Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Vogel-Scibilia , S.E. , Mulsant , B.H. and Keshavan , M.S. 1988 . HIV infection presenting as psychosis: A critique . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 78 : 652 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar