Investigating factors associated with uptake of HIV voluntary counselling and testing among pregnant women living in North Uganda

References

• Barros , A.J. and Hirakata , V.N. 2003 . Alternative for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio . BMC Medical Research Methodology , 3 : 21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bassett , M.T. 2002 . Ensuring a public health impact of programs to reduce HIV transmission from mothers to infants: the place of voluntary counselling and testing . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 347 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartoux , M. , Msellati , P. , Meda , N. , Wellfens-Ekra , C. , Mandelbrot , L. , Leroy , V. , Van de Perre , P. and Dabis , F. 1998 . Attitude of pregnant women towards HIV testing in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire and Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso . AIDS , 12 : 2337 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabis , F. and Ekpini , E.R. 2002 . HIV-1/AIDS and maternal and child health in Africa . Lancet , 359 : 2097 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel , O.J. and Oladapo , O.T. 2006 . Acceptability of prenatal HIV screening at the primary care level in Nigeria . Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , 26 : 191 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Day , J.H. , Miyamura , K. , Grant , A.D. , Leeuw , A. , Munsamy , J. , Baggaley , R. and Churchyard , G.J. 2003 . Attitudes to HIV voluntary counselling and testing among mineworkers in South Africa: will availability of antiretroviral therapy encourage testing? . AIDS Care , 15 : 665 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cock , K.M. , Fowler , M.G. , Mercier , E. , de Vincenzi , I. , Saba , J. , Hoff , E. , Alnwick , D.J. , Rogers , M. and Shaffer , N. 2000 . Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice . Journal of American Medical Association , 283 : 1175 – 182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cock , K.M. and Johnson , A.M. 1998 . From exceptionalism to normalization: a reappraisal of attitudes and practices around HIV testing . British Medical Journal , 316 : 290 – 293 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillard , P. , Melis , R. , Mwanyumba , F. , Claeys , P. , Muigai , E. , Mandaliya , K. , Bwayo , J. and Temmerman , M. 2002 . Vulnerability of women in an African setting: lessons for mother-to-child HIV transmission prevention programmes . AIDS , 16 : 937 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano , M. , Magoni , M. , Bassani , L. , Okong , P. , Namaganda , P.K. and Onyango , S. 2005 . A theme issue by, for, and about Africa: results from Ugandan programme preventing maternal transmission of HIV . British Medical Journal , 331 : 778
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabus , L. and Marseille , E. 2003 . HIV/AIDS in Uganda , San Francisco : University of San Francisco, AIDS Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Kiarie , J. , Nduati , R. , Kamau , K. , Koigi , K. , Musia , J. and Grace , J. 2000 . HIV-1 testing in pregnancy: acceptability and correlates of return for test results . AIDS , 14 : 1468 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kippax , S. 2006 . A public health dilemma: a testing question . AIDS Care , 18 : 230 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kowalczyk , J. , Jolly , P. , Karita , E. , Nibarere , J.A. , Vyankandondera , J. and Salihu , H. 2002 . Voluntary counselling and testing for HIV among pregnant women presenting in labor in Kigali, Rwanda . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology , 31 : 408 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Malonza , I.M. , Richardson , B.A. , Kreiss , J.K. , Bwayo , J.J. and John Stewart , G.C. 2003 . The effect of rapid HIV-1 testing on uptake of perinatal HIV-1 interventions: a randomised clinical trial . AIDS , 17 : 113 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maman , S. , Mbwambo , J.K. , Hogan , N.M. , Kilonzo , G.P. , Campbell , J.C. , Weiss , E. and Sweat , M.D. 2002 . HIV-positive women report more lifetime partner violence: findings from a voluntary counselling and testing clinic in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 1331 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbago , M.C. 2004 . Socio-demographic correlates of desire for HIV testing in Tanzania . Sexual Health , 1 : 13 – 21 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNutt , L.A. , Wu , C. , Xue , X. and Hafner , J.P. 2003 . Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes . American Journal of Epidemiology , 157 : 940 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medley , A. , Garcia-Moreno , C. , McGill , S. and Maman , S. 2004 . Rates, barriers and outcomes of HIV serostatus disclosure among women in developing countries: implications for prevention of mother-to-child transmission programmes . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 82 : 299 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell , M.L. 2001 . Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: challenges for the current decade . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 79 : 1138 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painter , T.M. , Diaby , K.L. , Matia , D.M. , Lin , L.S. , Sibailly , T.S. , Kouassi , M.K. , Ekpini , E.R. , Roels , T.H. and Wiktor , S.Z. 2004 . Women's reasons for not participating in follow up visits before starting short course antiretroviral prophylaxis for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: qualitative interview study . British Medical Journal , 329 : 543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez , F. , Zvandaziva , C. , Engelsmann , B. and Dabis , F. 2006 . Acceptability of routine HIV testing (‘opt-out’) in antenatal services in two rural districts of Zimbabwe . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology , 41 : 514 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Pignatelli , S. , Simpore , J. , Pietra , V. , Ouedraogo , L. , Conombo , G. , Saleri , N. , Pizzocolo , C. , De Iaco , G. , Tall , F. , Ouiminga , A. , Carosi , G. and Castelli , F. 2006 . Factors predicting uptake of voluntary counselling and testing in a real-life setting in a mother-and-child center in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso . Tropical Medicine and International Health , 11 : 350 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie , S. and Behets , F. 2006 . Desperately seeking targets: the ethics of routine HIV testing in low-income countries . Bulletin of the World Health Organization , 84 : 52 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skov , T. , Deddens , J. , Petersen , M.R. and Endahl , L. 1998 . Prevalence proportion ratios: estimation and hypothesis testing . International Journal of Epidemiology , 27 : 91 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STD/AIDS Control Programme ( 2003 ). STD/HIV/AIDS surveillance report – June 2003 . Kampala : Uganda Ministry of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) ( 2005 ). The 2002 Uganda Population and Housing census . Available at : http://www.ubos.org/census%20tabulations/centableB2.pdf . Accessed: 18 March 2006 .
   Google Scholar
• Uganda Ministry of Health ( 2003a ). Policy for the reduction of the Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission in Uganda . Kampala : Uganda Ministry of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Uganda Ministry of Health ( 2003b ). Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) Programme. 2003 Annual Report . Kampala : Uganda Ministry of Health .
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS/WHO ( 2004 ). AIDS epidemic update – December 2004 . Geneva : UNAIDS/WHO .
   Google Scholar
• UNOCHA ( 2002 ). Humanitarian Update Uganda – February 2002 . Geneva : UNOCHA .
   Google Scholar
• UNOCHA ( 2003 ). Humanitarian Update Uganda – July 2003 . Geneva : UNOCHA .
   Google Scholar
• Urassa , P. , Gosling , R. , Pool , R. and Reyburn , H. 2005 . Attitudes to voluntary counselling and testing prior to the offer of Nevirapine to prevent vertical transmission of HIV in northern Tanzania . AIDS Care , 17 : 842 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westheimer , E.F. , Urassa , W. , Msamanga , G. , Baylin , A. , Wey , R. , Aboud , S. , Kaaya , S. and Fawzi , W.W. 2004 . Acceptance of HIV testing among pregnant women in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania . Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology , 37 : 1197 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• WHO . 2004 . Antiretrovirals drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants , Geneva : WHO .
   Google Scholar