Community factors shaping HIV-related stigma among young people in three African countries

References

• Adebajo , S.A. , Bamgbala , A.O. and Oyediran , M.A. 2003 . Attitudes of health care providers to persons living with HIV/AIDS in Lagos State, Nigeria . African Journal of Reproductive Health , 7 ( 1 ) : 103 – 112 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aggleton , P. 2000 . Comparative analysis: Research studies from India and Uganda, HIV & AIDS-related discrimination, stigmatization and denial , Geneva , , Switzerland : Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS .
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth , M. and Over , M. 1997 . Confronting AIDS: Public priorities in a global epidemic (World Bank Policy Research Report) , Washington , DC : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blakely , T.A. and Woodward , A.J. 2000 . Ecological effects in multilevel studies . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health , 54 : 367 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , R.A. , Etzel , M.A. , Hinojos , E. , Henry , C.L. and Perez , M. 2005 . Preventing HIV among Latino and African American gay men in a context of HIV-related stigma, discrimination and homophobia: Perspectives of providers . AIDS Patient Care and STDS , 19 ( 11 ) : 737 – 744 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busza , J. 1999 . Challenging HIV-related stigma and discrimination in Southeast Asia: Past successes and future priorities (review) , New York : Population Council Horizons .
   Google Scholar
• Castro , A. and Farmer , P. 2005 . Understanding and addressing AIDS-related stigma: From anthropological theory to clinical practice in Haiti . American Journal of Public Health , 95 ( 1 ) : 53 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Multilevel Modeling . 2007 . Center for Multilevel Modeling, Bristol, UK . Retrieved May 24, 2007 , from http://www.cmm.bristol.ac.uk/
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . ( 2000 ). HIV-related knowledge and stigma – United States 2000 . MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 49 , 1062 – 1064 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , J. , Choe , M.K. , Chen , S. and Zhang , S. 2005 . Community environment and HIV/AIDS-related stigma in China . AIDS Education and Prevention , 17 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIA . 2005a . The world fact book: Burkina Faso . Retrieved October 27, 2007, from http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/uv.html
   Google Scholar
• CIA . 2005b . The world fact book: Ghana . Retrieved October 27, 2007, from http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gh.html
   Google Scholar
• CIA . 2005c . The world fact book: Zambia . Retrieved October 27, 2007, from http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/za.html
   Google Scholar
• Dias , S.F. , Matos , M.G. and Goncalves , A.C. 2006 . AIDS-related stigma and attitudes towards AIDS-infected people among adolescents . AIDS Care , 18 ( 3 ) : 208 – 214 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. 1995 . Multilevel statistical methods , London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Herek , G.M. , Capitanio , J.P. and Widaman , K.F. 2002 . HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1991–1999 . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 371 – 377 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzlich , C. and Pierret , J. 1993 . “ From epidemic to modern illness: The social construction of AIDS in France ” . In Advances in Medical Sociology. The Social and Behavioral Aspects of AIDS , Edited by: Albrecht , G. and Zimmerman , R. Vol. 3 , 59 – 76 . Greenwich , Conn : Jai Press .
   Google Scholar
• Letamo , G. 2003 . Prevalence of and factors associated with HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discriminatory attitudes in Botswana . Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition , 21 ( 4 ) : 347 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London , A.S. and Robles , A. 2000 . The co-occurrence of correct and incorrect HIV transmission knowledge and perceived risk for HIV among women of childbearing age in El Salvador . Social Science and Medicine , 51 : 1267 – 1278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcom , A. , Aggleton , P. , Bronfmann , M. , Galvao , J. , Mane , P. and Verrall , J. 1998 . HIV-related stigmatization and discrimination: Its forms and contexts . Critical Public Health , 8 ( 4 ) : 347 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Mhloyi , M.M. 1992 . “ Psychosocial aspects of AIDS ” . In Science challenging AIDS , Edited by: Rossi , G. B , Beth-Giraldo , E , Chieco-Bianchi , L , Dianzani , F , Giralod , G and verani , P . 159 – 174 . Basel , , Switzerland : Kargar .
   Google Scholar
• Muyinda , H. , Seeley , J. , Pickering , H. and Barton , T. 1997 . Social aspects of AIDS-related stigma in rural Uganda . Health and Place , 3 ( 3 ) : 143 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyblade , L. , & Field , M.L. 2002 . Women, communities and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: Issues and findings from community research in Botswana and Zambia . Retrieved November 30, 2007, from http://www.icrw.org/publications_hivaids.htm
   Google Scholar
• Parker , R. and Aggleton , P. 2003 . HIV and AID-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action . Social Science and Medicine , 57 : 13 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simes , R.J. 1986 . An improved Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance . Biometrika , 73 ( 3 ) : 751 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , B. 2001 . HIV, stigma and health; integration of theoretical concepts and the lived experiences of individuals . Journal of Advanced Nursing , 35 : 792 – 798 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) . 2002 . Young people and HIV/AIDS: Opportunity in crisis . Geneva , , Switzerland : United Nations Children's Fund, Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) . 1999 . Sex and youth: Contextual factors affecting risk for HIV/AIDS – A comparative analysis of multi-site studies in developing countries . Geneva , , Switzerland : Author .
   Google Scholar