Publication Cover
AIDS Care
Psychological and Socio-medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV
Volume 21, 2009 - Issue 7
1,732
Views
47
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLES

Community interventions providing care and support to orphans and vulnerable children: a review of evaluation evidence

Pages 918-942 | Received 23 Jan 2008, Published online: 29 Jun 2009

References

  • Ainsworth , M. , Beegle , K. and Koda , G. 2005 . The impact of adult mortality and parental deaths on primary schooling in north-western Tanzania . Journal of Development Studies , 41 ( 3 ) : 412 – 439 .
  • Andrews , G. , Skinner , D. and Zuma , K. 2006 . Epidemiology of health and vulnerability among children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa . AIDS Care , 18 ( 3 ) : 269 – 276 .
  • Ansell , N. and Young , L. 2004 . Enabling households to support successful migration of AIDS orphans in southern Africa . AIDS Care , 16 ( 1 ) : 3 – 10 .
  • Association of Volunteers in International Service (AVSI) , 2007 . Increased care for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in the Great Lakes region of East Africa . Washington , DC : Association of Volunteers in International Service (AVSI)
  • Attawell , K. , Chitty , J. and Purvis , G. 2005 . Assessment: Care tumaini program , Tanzania : United States Agency for International Development (USAID) .
  • Beard , B.J. 2005 . Orphan care in Malawi: Current practices . Journal of Community Health Nursing , 22 ( 2 ) : 105 – 115 .
  • Bhargava , A. and Bigombe , B. 2003 . Public policies and the orphans of AIDS in Africa . British Medical Journal , 326 ( 7403 ) : 1387 – 1389 .
  • Black , N. 1996 . Why we need observational studies to evaluate the effectiveness of health care . British Medical Journal , 312 ( 7040 ) : 1215 – 1218 .
  • Boris , N.W. , Thurman , T.R. , Snider , L. , Spencer , E. and Brown , L. 2006 . Infants and young children living in youth-headed households in Rwanda: Implications of emerging data . Infant Mental Health Journal , 27 ( 6 ) : 584 – 602 .
  • Bronson , J. , Sherer , R. , Dalebout , S. , Roussaux , A. and Prada , N. 2006 . Economic strengthening at the core of orphan support , Washington , DC : United States Agency for International Development (USAID) .
  • Brown , C. and Lilford , R. 2006 . The stepped wedge trial design: a systematic review . BMC Medical Research Methodology , 6 ( 1 ) : 54 – 62 .
  • Brown , L. , Thurman , T.R. and Snider , L. 2005 . Strengthening the psychosocial well-being of youth-headed households in Rwanda: Baseline findings from an intervention trial , Washington , DC : Population Council .
  • Calnan , M. and Ferlie , E. 2003 . Analysing process in healthcare: The methodological and theoretical challenges . Policy and Politics , 31 ( 2 ) : 185 – 193 .
  • Case , A. and Ardington , C. 2006 . The impact of prental death on school outcomes: Longitudinal evidence from South Africa . Demography , 43 ( 3 ) : 401 – 420 .
  • Castelli , L. , Oliva , F. , Rovati , G. and Aldrette , J. 2007 . The challenge of evaluating a project for orphans and vulnerable children while implementing – The case of AVSI/OVC Program in Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda. Our Valuable Children: Quality and Sustainability of Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children , Washington , DC : AVSI .
  • Catholic Relief Services, Zimbabwe, & United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Zimbabwe 2003 . Report on the mid-term review of the support for replicable innovative village/community level efforts for children affected by HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe (STRIVE) Project, Catholic Relief Services (Zimbabwe) & USAID (Zimbabwe).
  • Catholic Relief Services/Zimbabwe, and USAID/Zimbabwe 2003 . Report on the mid-term review of the support for replicable innovative village/community level efforts for children affected by HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe (STRIVE) Project.
  • Chatterji , M. , Dougherty , L. , Ventimiglia , T. , Mulenga , Y. , Jones , A. , Mukaneza , A. , et al 2005 . The well-being of children affected by HIV/AIDS in Lusaka, Zambia, and Gitarama Province, Rwanda: findings from a study . Washington , DC : Community REACH Program, Pact .
  • Chatterji , M. , Murray , N. , Buek , K. , Hutchinson , P. , Mulenga , Y. , & Ventimiglia , T. 2007 . Evaluating the impact of community-based interventions on schooling outcomes among orphans and vulnerable children in Lusaka, Zambia. United African Population (UAPS) Conference, Arusha, Tanzania.
  • Christian Aid, United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) & Islamic Relief 2006 . A matter of belonging: How faith-based organisations can strengthen families and communities to support orphans and vulnerable children . London : Christian Aid .
  • Clacherty , G. and Donald , D. 2005 . Impact evaluation of the VSI (Vijana Simama Imara) organisation and the Rafiki Mdogo group of the Humuliza orphan project , Nshamba , Tanzania : Clacherty and Associates .
  • Connell , D.B. , Turner , R.R. and Mason , E.F. 1985 . Summary of findings of the school health education evaluation: Health promotion effectiveness, implementation, and costs . Journal of School Health , 55 ( 8 ) : 316 – 321 .
  • Craft , D. 2003 . Education evaluation of the SCOPE-OVC Project: The impact of the SCOPE education sub-grant on community schools in selected districts , Lusaka , , Zambia : Family Health International .
  • Davey Smith , G. , Ebrahim , S. and Frankel , S. 2001 . How policy informs the evidence [editorial] . British Medical Journal , 322 ( 7280 ) : 184 – 185 .
  • Depp , R.M. , Marunda , S. , & Yates , E. 2006 . Final assessment USAID/Zimbabwe assistance to orphans and vulnerable children (through Catholic Relief Services STRIVE Program), USAID/Zimbabwe.
  • Des Jarlais , D.C. , Lyles , C. and Crepaz , N. 2004 . Improving the reporting quality of nonrandomized evaluations of behavioral and public health interventions: The TREND statement . American Journal of Public Health , 94 ( 3 ) : 361 – 366 .
  • Desmond , C. 2007 . Evaluation report: FXB village model income generation sustainability , Cape Town : Child Youth Family and Social Development Research Programme, Human Sciences Research Council .
  • Desmond , C. and Gow , J. 2001 . The cost effectiveness of six models of care for orphan and vulnerable children in South Africa , Durban : Health Economics and AIDS Research Division, University of Natal .
  • Desmond , C. , & Gow , J. 2002 . Impacts and interventions: The HIV/AIDS epidemic and the Children of South Africa . Pietermaritzburg , , South Africa : University of Natal Press .
  • Desmond , C. , Gow , J. , Loening-Voysey , H. , Wilson , T. and Stirling , B. 2002 . Approaches to caring, essential elements for a quality service and cost-effectiveness in South Africa . Evaluation and Program Planning , 25 ( 4 ) : 447 – 458 .
  • Donahue , J. 1998 . Community-based economic support for households affected by HIV/AIDS , Arlington , VA : Health Technical Services Project for USAID .
  • Donahue , J. & Mwewa , L. 2006 . Community action and the test of time: Learning from community experiences and perceptions . “Case studies of mobilization and capacity building to benefit vulnerable children in Malawi and Zambia” . Washington , DC : United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Displaced Children and Orphans Fund and War Victims Fund, and TvT Associates .
  • Donahue , J. , & Williamson , J. 1996 . Developing interventions to benefit children and families affected by HIV/AIDS: A review of the COPE Program in Malawi for the displaced children and orphans fund . Washington , DC : United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Displaced Children and Orphans Fund and War Victims Fund Project .
  • Donahue , J. and Williamson , J. 1998 . Community mobilization to address the impacts of AIDS: A review of the COPE II Program in Malawi , Washington , DC : United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Displaced Children and Orphans Fund and War Victims Fund, and TvT Associates .
  • Dougherty , L. , Forsythe , V. , Winfrey , W. , Buek , K. and Chatterji , M. 2005 . A costing analysis of community-based programs for children affected by HIV/AIDS: Results from Zambia and Rwanda , Washington , DC : Community REACH Program, Pact .
  • Drew , R.S. , Makufa , C. and Foster , G. 1998 . Strategies for providing care and support to children orphaned by AIDS . AIDS Care , 10 ( 2 ) : 9 – 15 .
  • Dube , H. , Tucker , H. and Ngom , P. 2006 . Assessing the sexual risks and reproductive health needs of orphans and vulnerable youth in Zimbabwe , Harare , , Zimbabwe : Family Health International, USAID .
  • Esu-Williams , E. , Duncan , J. , Phiri , S. and Chilongozi , D. 2000 . A retrospective assessment of the COPE 1 Program in Namwera, Malawi , Washington , DC : Population Council .
  • Foster , G. 2002a . Beyond education and food: Psychosocial well-being of orphans in Africa . Acta Paediatrica , 91 ( 5 ) : 502 – 504 .
  • Foster , G. 2002b . Supporting community efforts to assist orphans in Africa . New England Journal of Medicine , 346 ( 24 ) : 1907 – 1910 .
  • Foster , G. 2006 . Children who live in communities affected by AIDS . Lancet , 367 ( 9511 ) : 700 – 701 .
  • Foster , G. , Makufa , C. , Drew , R.S. , Kambeu , S. and Saurombe , K. 1996 . Supporting children in need through a community-based orphan visiting programme . AIDS Care , 8 ( 4 ) : 389 – 403 .
  • Foster , G. , Makufa , C. , Drew , R.S. and Kralovec , E. 1997a . Factors leading to the establishment of child-headed households: The case of Zimbabwe . Health Transition Review , 7 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 155 – 168 .
  • Foster , G. , Makufa , C. , Drew , R.S. , Mashumba , S. and Kambeu , S. 1997b . Perceptions of children and community members concerning the circumstances of orphans in rural Zimbabwe . AIDS Care , 9 ( 4 ) : 391 – 405 .
  • Foster , G. , Shakespeare , R. , Chinemana , F. , Jackson , H. , Gregson , S. Marange , C. 1995 . Orphan prevalence and extended family care in a peri-urban community in Zimbabwe . AIDS Care , 7 ( 1 ) : 3 – 17 .
  • Gachuhi , D. 1999 . The impact of HIV/AIDS on education systems in the eastern and southern Africa region and the response of education systems to HIV/AIDS: Life skills programmes , New York , NY : United Nations Children's Fund, (UNICEF) .
  • Giese , S. , Meintjes , V. , Croke , R. and Chamberlain , R. 2003 . Health and social services to address the needs of orphans and other vulnerable children in the context of HIV/AIDS: Research report and Recommendations , Cape Town , , South Africa : Children's Institute of the University of Cape Town .
  • Gilborn , R.Z. , Apicella , L. , Brakarsh , J. , Dube , L. , Jemison , K. Kluckow , M. 2006 . Orphans and vulnerable youth in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe: An exploratory study of psychosocial well-being and psychosocial support programs , Washington , DC : Population Council, Horizons Program .
  • Gregson , S. , Nyamukapa , C.A. , Garnett , G.P. , Wambe , M. , Lewis , J.J.C. Mason , P.R. 2005 . HIV infection and reproductive health in teenage women orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS in Zimbabwe . AIDS Care , 17 ( 7 ) : 785 – 794 .
  • Habicht , J-P. , Victora , C.G. and Vaughan , J.P. 1999 . Evaluation designs for adequacy, plausibility and probability of public health programme performance and impact . International Journal of Epidemiology , 28 ( 1 ) : 10 – 18 .
  • Heymann , J. , Earle , A. , Rajaraman , D. , Miller , C. and Bogen , K. 2007 . Extended family caring for children orphaned by AIDS: Balancing essential work and caregiving in a high HIV prevalence nations . AIDS Care , 19 ( 3 ) : 337 – 345 .
  • Homan , R. and Searle , C. 2005 . Programmatic implications of a cost study of home-based care programs in South Africa , Washington , DC : Population Council .
  • Horizons 2007a . Assessing the psychosocial benefits of a community-based mentoring program for youth-headed households in Rwanda . Washington , DC : Population Council, World Vision Rwanda, Rwanda School of Public Health, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine .
  • Horizons 2007b . Lessons learned from a mentorship program for youth-headed households in Rwanda . Washington , DC : Population Council, World Vision Rwanda, Rwanda School of Public Health, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine .
  • Horizons, Makerere University, & Plan/Uganda 2004 . Succession planning in Uganda: Early outreach for AIDS-affected children and their families . Washington , DC : Population Council .
  • Howard , B.H. , Phillips , C.V. , Matinhure , N. , Goodman , K.J. , McCurdy , S.A. and Johnson , C.A. 2006 . Barriers and incentives to orphan care in a time of AIDS and economic crisis: A cross-sectional survey of caregivers in rural Zimbabwe . BMC Public Health , 6 ( 1 ) : 27 – 38 .
  • Hunter , S.S. 2002 . Supporting and expanding community-based HIV/AIDS prevention and care responses: A report on Save the Children (US) Malawi COPE Project , Washington , DC : Save The Children Federation (US) for The World Bank .
  • International HIV/AIDS Alliance & Family AIDS Caring Trust 2002 . Expanding community-based support for orphans and vulnerable children . Brighton , , UK : Author .
  • JLICA 2007 . Website Retrieved September 20, 2007, from www.JLICA.org
  • Juma , M. , Askew , I. and Ferguson , A. 2007 . Situation analysis of the sexual and reproductive health and HIV risks and prevention needs of older orphaned and vulnerable children in Nyanza Province, Kenya , Nairobi : Population Council .
  • Khonyongwa , L. , & ActionAid Malawi 1998 . Children and families affected by HIV/AIDS – A community-based income generation project with a focus on needy children in Malawi. CINDI Southern African Conference, Raising the Orphan Generation, Pietermaritzburg.
  • Kidman , R. , Petrow , S.E. and Heymann , S.J. 2007 . Africa's orphan crisis: Two community-based models of care . AIDS Care , 19 ( 3 ) : 326 – 329 .
  • Kippax , S. and Van de Ven , V. 1998 . An epidemic of orthodoxy? Design and methodology in the evaluation of the effectiveness of HIV health promotion . Critical Public Health , 8 ( 4 ) : 371 – 386 .
  • Kirkwood , B.R. , Cousens , S.N. , Victora , C.G. and de Zoysa , I. 1997 . Issues in the design and interpretation of studies to evaluate the impact of community-based interventions . Tropical Medicine & International Health , 2 ( 11 ) : 1022 – 1029 .
  • Ledward , A. , Kamowa , O. , Kananji , F. , Gandiwa , A. and Mkamanga , H. 2001 . Orphan care evaluation, Mchinji District, Malawi , Lilongwe : Save the Children (UK) .
  • Lee , T. 1999 . FOCUS evaluation report , Mutare : Family AIDS Caring Trust .
  • Lee , T. , Foster , G. , Makufa , C. and Hinton , S. 2002 . Families, orphans and children under stress in Zimbabwe . Evaluation and Program Planning , 25 ( 4 ) : 459 – 470 .
  • Lester , P. , Rotheram-Borus , M.J. , Lee , S-J. , Comulada , S. , Cantwell , V. Wu , N. 2006 . Rates and predictors of anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents of parents with HIV . Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies , 1 ( 1 ) : 81 – 101 .
  • Levine , C. , Michaels , D. and Back , S.D. 1996 . “ Orphans of the AIDS pandemic ” . In AIDS in the world II: Global dimensions, social roots, and responses , Edited by: Tarantola , D. , Mann , J.M. and Coalition , G.A.P. 278 – 286 . New York : Oxford University Press .
  • McKerrow , N.H. 1996 . Implementation strategies for the development of models of care for orphaned children , Zambia : Children in Need Network .
  • MEASURE Evaluation 2007 . Evaluations of five programs for orphans and vulnerable children in Kenya and Tanzania . Chapel Hill , NC : MEASURE Evaluation, Carolina Population Center .
  • Mhamba , R.M. 2004 . Impact assessment of the most vulnerable children community based care, support and protection in Musoma Rural , Dar es Salaam , Tanzania : United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) .
  • Miller , C.M. , Gruskin , S. , Subramanian , S.V. , Rajaraman , D. and Heymann , S.J. 2006 . Orphan care in Botswana's working households: Growing responsibilities in the absence of adequate support . American Journal of Public Health , 96 ( 8 ) : 1429 – 1435 .
  • Moroni , M. , Campbell , P. , & Webb , D. 2007 . A review of monitoring and evaluation in support of orphans and vulnerable children in East and Southern Africa . Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies . Under review.
  • Mulenga , S. 2002 . Report on the evaluation of the UNICEF supported Chikankata CBOSP & OVC training projects , New York , NY : United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) .
  • Mutangadura , G.B. , Mukurazita , V. and Jackson , H. 1999 . A review of household and community responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa , Geneva , , Switzerland : The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) .
  • National Task Force on Orphans in Malawi , 1996 . National orphan care programme 1996–1998 . Lilongwe : Ministry of Women and Children Affairs, Community Development and Social Welfare .
  • Nöstlinger , C. , Bartoli , G. , Gordillo , V. , Roberfroid , D. and Colebunders , R. 2006 . Children and adolescents living with HIV positive parents: Emotional and behavioural problems . Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies , 1 ( 1 ) : 29 – 43 .
  • Nutbeam , D. 1998 . Evaluating health promotion – progress, problems and solutions . Health Promotion International , 13 ( 1 ) : 27 – 44 .
  • Nyambedha , E.O. , Wandibba , S. and Aagaard-Hansen , J. 2001 . Policy implications of the inadequate support systems for orphans in western Kenya . Health Policy , 58 ( 1 ) : 83 – 96 .
  • Oakley , A. 2000 . Experiments in knowing: Gender and method in the social sciences , Cambridge , , UK : Polity Press .
  • Oakley , A. , Strange , V. , Stephenson , J.M. , Forrest , S. and Monteiro , H. 2004 . Evaluating processes: A case study of a randomized controlled trial of sex education . Evaluation , 10 : 440 – 462 .
  • Olson , K. , Knight , Z.S. and Foster , G. 2006 . From faith to action: Strengthening family and community care options for orphans and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa , Santa Cruz , CA : Firelight Foundation .
  • Patel , M. , Allen , K.B. , Keatley , R. and Jonsson , U. 2002 . Special issue – UNICEF and UNAIDS evaluations of HIV/AIDS programmes in sub-Saharan Africa – Introduction . Evaluation and Program Planning , 25 ( 4 ) : 317 – 327 .
  • Phiri , S.N. , Foster , V. and Nzima , M. 2001 . Expanding and strengthening community action: A study of ways to scale up community mobilization interventions to mitigate the effect of HIV/AIDS on children and families , Washington , DC : Displaced Children and Orphans Fund, USAID .
  • Population Council , 2006a . COPE impact assessment baseline report . Washington , DC : Author .
  • Population Council , 2006b . RAPIDS impact assessment baseline report . Lusaka and Washington , DC : Author .
  • Population Council , 2008 . RAPIDS impact assessment midterm report . Lusaka and Washington , DC : Population Council .
  • Quinlan , T. , & Desmond , C. 2002 . Costs of care and support. Literature review: The economic impact of HIV/AIDS on South Africa (pp. 35 – 46 ). HEARD, University of Natal.
  • RAPIDS , 2006 . About RAPIDS . Lusaka : Author .
  • Richter , L.M. , Manegold , J. and Pather , R. 2004 . Family and community interventions for children affected by AIDS , Cape Town : HSRC .
  • Rosenberg , A. , Hartwig , K. and Merson , M. 2008 . Government-NGO collaboration and sustainability of orphans and vulnerable children projects in southern Africa . Evaluation and Program Planning , 31 : 51 – 60 .
  • Ross , D.A. and Wight , D. 2003 . “ The role of randomized controlled trials in assessing sexual health interventions ” . In Effective sexual health interventions: issues in experimental evaluation , Edited by: Stephenson , J.M. , Bonell , C. and Imrie , J. 35 – 48 . Oxford , NY : Oxford University Press .
  • Savedoff , W.D. , Levine , R. , Birdsall , N. , & Evaluation Gap Working Group 2006 . When will we ever learn? Improving lives through impact evaluation . Washington , DC : Center for Global Development .
  • Schenk , K.D. and Williamson , J. 2005 . Ethical approaches to gathering information among children and adolescents in international settings: Guidelines and resources , Washington , DC : Population Council .
  • Schenk , K.D. , Murove , T. and Williamson , J. 2006 . Protecting children's rights in the collection of health and welfare data . Health and Human Rights , 9 ( 1 ) : 80 – 100 .
  • Schenk , K.D. , Ndhlovu , L. , Tembo , S. , Nsune , A. , Nkhata , C. Walusiku , B. 2008a . Circumstances and motivations for fostering children in Zambia . Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies , 3 ( 1 ) : 78 – 84 .
  • Schenk , K.D. , Ndhlovu , L. , Tembo , S. , Nsune , A. , Nkhata , C. Walusiku , B. 2008b . Supporting orphans and vulnerable children affected by AIDS: Using community-generated definitions to explore patterns of children's vulnerability in Zambia . AIDS Care , 20 ( 8 ) : 894 – 903 .
  • SCOPE-OVC/Zambia, & Family Health International/Zambia . 2003 . SCOPE-OVC: Final project review report . Lusaka : Family Health International .
  • SCOPE-OVC/Zambia, Family Health International/Zambia, USAID/Zambia & Displaced Children and Orphans Fund 2002 . Results of the orphans and vulnerable children head of household baseline survey in four districts in Zambia . Lusaka : Family Health International .
  • Shadish , W.R. , Cook , T.D. and Campbell , D.T. 2001 . Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference , Boston : Houghton Mifflin .
  • Stimson , G.V. and Power , R. 1992 . Assessing AIDS prevention for injecting drug users; some methodological considerations . British Journal of Addiction , 87 ( 3 ) : 455 – 465 .
  • Stover , J. , Bollinger , L. , Walker , N. and Monasch , R. 2007 . Resource needs to support orphans and vulnerable children in sub-Saharan Africa . Health Policy and Planning , 22 ( 1 ) : 21 – 27 .
  • Strebel , A. 2004 . The development, implementation and evaluation of interventions for the care of orphans and vulnerable children in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe: A literature review of evidence-based interventions for home-based child-centred development , Cape Town , , South Africa : HSRC .
  • Subbarao , K. , Coury , D. , & World Bank 2004 . Reaching out to Africa's orphans: A framework for public action . Washington , DC : World Bank .
  • Tearfund 2006 . Faith untapped: Why churches can play a crucial role in tackling HIV and AIDS in Africa . Teddington , , UK : Tearfund .
  • Thurman , T.R. , Brown , L. , Richter , L. , Maharaj , P. and Magnani , R. 2006a . Sexual risk behavior among South African adolescents: Is orphan status a factor? . AIDS and Behavior , 10 ( 6 ) : 627 – 635 .
  • Thurman , T.R. , Snider , L. , Boris , N. , Kalisa , E. , Mugarira , E.N. Ntaganira , J. 2006b . Psychosocial support and marginalization of youth-headed households in Rwanda . AIDS Care , 18 ( 3 ) : 220 – 229 .
  • Thurman , T.R. , Snider , L. , Boris , N. , Kalisa , E. , Nyirazinyoye , L. and Brown , L. 2008 . Barriers to the community support of orphans and vulnerable youth in Rwanda . Social Science & Medicine , 66 ( 7 ) : 1557 – 1567 .
  • Torgerson , D.J. 2001 . Contamination in trials: Is cluster randomisation the answer? . British Medical Journal , 322 ( 7282 ) : 355 – 357 .
  • Ulin , P.R. , Robinson , E.T. and Tolley , E.E. 2004 . Qualitative methods in public health: A field guide for applied research , San Fransisco , CA : Jossey-Bass .
  • UNICEF 2003 . Africa's orphaned generations . New York : Author .
  • UNICEF 2004 . The framework for the protection, care and support of orphans and vulnerable children living in a world with HIV and AIDS . New York : Author .
  • UNICEF, USAID, & UNAIDS . 2004 . Children on the brink: Updated estimates and recommendations for intervention . Washington , DC : USAID .
  • Victora , C.G. , Habicht , J-P. and Bryce , J. 2004 . Evidence-based public health: Moving beyond randomized trials . American Journal of Public Health , 94 ( 3 ) : 400 – 405 .
  • West , S.G. , Duan , N. , Pequegnat , W. , Gaist , P. , Des Jarlais , D.C. Holtgrave , D. 2008 . Alternatives to the randomized controlled trial . American Journal of Public Health , 98 ( 8 ) : 1359 – 1366 .
  • Williamson , J. 2004 . A family is for a lifetime: A discussion of the need for family care for children impacted by HIV/AIDS, USAID Contract report , Washington , DC : The Synergy Project, TvT Global Health and Development Strategies, a division of Social & Scientific Systems .
  • Williamson , J. 2005 . “ Finding a way forward: principles and strategies to reduce the impacts of AIDS on children and families ” . In A Generation at Risk: The Global Impact of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children , Edited by: Foster , G. , Levine , C. and Williamson , J. 254 – 277 . Cambridge and New York : Cambridge University Press .
  • Williamson , J. , & Donahue , J. 2001 . A review of the COPE program and its strengthening of AIDS committee structures . Washington , DC : Displaced Children and Orphans Fund, USAID .
  • Wilson , P.A. and Berkman , A. 2007 . The FXB village model program in Rwanda: Evaluation and reflections on strategic issues , New York : Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University .
  • World Vision 2007 . World Vision core HIV and AIDS models operations research summary. World Vision Newsletter . Lusaka, Zambia and Johannesburg , , South Africa : Author .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.