A comprehensive review of the barriers and promoters health workers experience in delivering prevention of vertical transmission of HIV services in sub-Saharan Africa

References

• Agadjanian, V., & Hayford, S. R. (2009). PMTCT, HAART, and childbearing in Mozambique: An institutional perspective. AIDS and Behavior, 13(S1), 103–112. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9535-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S., Kim, M. H., Dave, A. C., Sabelli, R., Kanjelo, K., Preidis, G. A., … Abrams, E. J. (2015). Improved identification and enrolment into care of HIV-exposed and -infected infants and children following a community health worker intervention in Lilongwe, Malawi. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(1). doi:10.7448/IAS.18.1.19305
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asefa, A., & Mitike, G. (2014). Prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV services in Adama town, Ethiopia: Clients’ satisfaction and challenges experienced by service providers. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14, 57. doi:10.1186/1471-2393-14-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumberg, M., & Pringle, C. D. (1982). The missing opportunity in organizational research: Some implications for a theory of work performance. Academy of Management Review, 7(4), 560–569. doi:10.5465/AMR.1982.4285240
   Google Scholar
• Boudreau, J. W., Hopp, W., McClain, J. O., & Thomas, L. J. (2002). On the interface between operations and human resources management (No. CAHRS Working Paper #02–22) (pp. 1–41). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Buskens, I., & Jaffe, A. (2008). Demotivating infant feeding counselling encounters in southern Africa: Do counsellors need more or different training? AIDS Care, 20(3), 337–345. doi:10.1080/09540120701660346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callaghan, M., Ford, N., & Schneider, H. (2010). A systematic review of task-shifting for HIV treatment and care in Africa. Human Resources for Health, 8, 8. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-8-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasela, C. S., Hudgens, M. G., Jamieson, D. J., Kayira, D., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kourtis, A. P., … van der Horst, C. M. (2010). Maternal or infant antiretroviral drugs to reduce HIV-1 transmission. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2271–2281. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0911486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, B. H., Stringer, J. S. A., & Moodley, D. (2013). Antiretroviral drug regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV: A review of scientific, program, and policy advances for Sub-Saharan Africa. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 10(2), 124–133. doi:10.1007/s11904-013-0154-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinkonde, J. R., Sundby, J., de Paoli, M., & Thorsen, V. C. (2010). The difficulty with responding to policy changes for HIV and infant feeding in Malawi. International Breastfeeding Journal, 5(1), 11. doi:10.1186/1746-4358-5-11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chopra, M., & Rollins, N. (2008). Infant feeding in the time of HIV: Rapid assessment of infant feeding policy and programmes in four African countries scaling up prevention of mother to child transmission programmes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93(4), 288–291. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.096321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creek, T., Ntumy, R., Mazhani, L., Moore, J., Smith, M., Han, G., … Kilmarx, P. H. (2009). Factors associated with low early uptake of a national program to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT): results of a survey of mothers and providers, Botswana, 2003. AIDS and Behavior, 13(2), 356–364. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9322-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delva, W., Draper, B., & Temmerman, M. (2006). Implementation of single-dose nevirapine for prevention of MTCT of HIV-lessons from Cape Town. Southern African Medical Journal, 96(8), 706, 708–709.
   Google Scholar
• Dickin, K. L., Dollahite, J. S., & Habicht, J. P. (2011). Enhancing the intrinsic work motivation of community nutrition educators: How supportive supervision and job design foster autonomy. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 34(3), 260–273. doi:10.1097/JAC.0b013e31821dc63b
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doherty, T., Chopra, M., Nsibande, D., & Mngoma, D. (2009). Improving the coverage of the PMTCT programme through a participatory quality improvement intervention in South Africa. BMC Public Health, 9(1), 406. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, T. M., McCoy, D., & Donohue, S. (2005). Health system constraints to optimal coverage of the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in South Africa: Lessons from the implementation of the national pilot programme. African Health Sciences, 5(3), 213–218. doi:10.5555/afhs.2005.5.3.213
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards, N., & Barker, P. M. (2014). The importance of context in implementation research. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 67(Suppl 2), S157–S162. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000322
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falnes, E., Tylleskär, T., de Paoli, M., Manongi, R., & Engebretsen, I. M. (2010). Mothers' knowledge and utilization of prevention of mother to child transmission services in northern Tanzania. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13(1), 36. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-36
   Google Scholar
• Falnes, E. F., Moland, K. M., Tylleskär, T., de Paoli, M. M., Msuya, S. E., & Engebretsen, I. M. (2011). “It is her responsibility”: Partner involvement in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV programmes, northern Tanzania. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 14, 21. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-14-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco, L. M., Bennett, S., & Kanfer, R. (2002). Health sector reform and public sector health worker motivation: A conceptual framework. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 54(8), 1255–1266. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00094-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, K. (2003). Theory construction in design research: Criteria: approaches, and methods. Design Studies, 24(6), 507–522. doi:10.1016/S0142-694X(03)00039-5
   Google Scholar
• Geelhoed, D., Lafort, Y., Chissale, L., Candrinho, B., & Degomme, O. (2013). Integrated maternal and child health services in Mozambique: Structural health system limitations overshadow its effect on follow-up of HIV-exposed infants. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 207. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gourlay, A., Birdthistle, I., Mburu, G., Iorpenda, K., & Wringe, A. (2013). Barriers and facilitating factors to the uptake of antiretroviral drugs for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(1). doi:10.7448/IAS.16.1.18588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamela, G., Kabondo, C., Tembo, T., Zimba, C., Kamanga, E., Mofolo, I., … Hosseinipour, M. C. (2014). Evaluating the benefits of incorporating traditional birth attendants in HIV prevention of mother to child transmission service delivery in Lilongwe, Malawi. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 18(1), 27–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiarlaithe, M. O., Grede, N., de Pee, S., & Bloem, M. (2014). Economic and social factors are some of the most common barriers preventing women from accessing maternal and newborn child health (MNCH) and prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services: A literature review. AIDS and Behavior, 18(Suppl. 5), 516–530. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0756-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood, C., Haskins, L., & Vermaak, K. (2010a). Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: An evaluation of PMTCT implementation and integration into routine maternal, child and women's health services. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 992–999. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02576.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood, C., Voce, A., Vermaak, K., Rollins, N., & Qazi, S. (2010b). Routine checks for HIV in children attending primary health care facilities in South Africa: Attitudes of nurses and child caregivers. Social Science & Medicine, 70(2), 313–320. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israel-Ballard, K., Waithaka, M., & Greiner, T. (2014). Infant feeding counselling of HIV-infected women in two areas in Kenya in 2008. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 25(13), 921–928. doi:10.1177/0956462414526574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. M., Banda, J., Hiner, C., Tholandi, M., Bazant, E., Sarkar, S., … Makwala, C. (2013). Assessing the quality of HIV/AIDS services at military health facilities in Zambia. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 24(5), 365–370. doi:10.1177/0956462412472811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kok, M. C., Dieleman, M., Taegtmeyer, M., Broerse, J. E., Kane, S. S., Ormel, H., … de Koning, K. A. M. (2014). Which intervention design factors influence performance of community health workers in low- and middle-income countries? A systematic review. Health Policy and Planning, Advance online publication. doi:10.1093/heapol/czu126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwapong, G. D., Boateng, D., Agyei-Baffour, P., & Addy, E. A. (2014). Health service barriers to HIV testing and counseling among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic; a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 14, 267. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labhardt, N. D., Manga, E., Ndam, M., Balo, J.-R., Bischoff, A., & Stoll, B. (2009). Early assessment of the implementation of a national programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Cameroon and the effects of staff training: A survey in 70 rural health care facilities. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14(3), 288–293. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2009.02221.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledikwe, J. H., Kejelepula, M., Maupo, K., Sebetso, S., Thekiso, M., Smith, M., … Semo, B. (2013). Evaluation of a well-established task-shifting initiative: The lay counselor cadre in Botswana. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e61601. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leshabari, S. C., Blystad, A., de Paoli, M., & Moland, K. M. (2007). HIV and infant feeding counselling: Challenges faced by nurse-counsellors in northern Tanzania. Human Resources for Health, 5(1), 18. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-5-18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy, J. M. (2009). Women's expectations of treatment and care after an antenatal HIV diagnosis in Lilongwe, Malawi. Reproductive Health Matters, 17(33), 152–161. doi:10.1016/S0968-8080(09)33436-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippmann, Q. K., Mofolo, I., Bobrow, E., Maida, A., Kamanga, E., Pagadala, N., … Hoffman, I. (2012). Exploring the feasibility of engaging traditional birth attendants in a prevention of mother to child HIV transmission program in Lilongwe, Malawi. Malawi Medical Journal, 24(4), 79–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705–717. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malema, R. N., Malaka, D. W., & Mothiba, T. M. (2010). Experiences of lay counsellors who provide VCT for PMTCT of HIV and AIDS in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province. Curationis, 33(3), 15–23. doi: 10.4102/curationis.v33i3.3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marazzi, M. C., Palombi, L., Nielsen-Saines, K., Haswell, J., Zimba, I., Magid, N. A., … Liotta, G. (2011). Extended antenatal use of triple antiretroviral therapy for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 correlates with favorable pregnancy outcomes. AIDS, 25(13), 1611–1618. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283493ed0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazia, G., Narayanan, I., Warren, C., Mahdi, M., Chibuye, P., Walligo, A., … Hainsworth, M. (2009). Integrating quality postnatal care into PMTCT in Swaziland. Global Public Health, 4(3), 253–270. doi:10.1080/17441690902769669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medley, A. M., & Kennedy, C. E. (2010). Provider challenges in implementing antenatal provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling programs in Uganda. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22(2), 87–99. doi:10.1521/aeap.2010.22.2.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnyani, C. N., & McIntyre, J. A. (2013). Challenges to delivering quality care in a prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme in Soweto. Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine, 14(2), 64–69. doi:10.4102/hivmed.v14i2.80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwai, G. W., Mburu, G., Torpey, K., Frost, P., Ford, N., & Seeley, J. (2013). Role and outcomes of community health workers in HIV care in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(1). doi:10.7448/IAS.16.1.18586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naimoli, J. F., Frymus, D. E., Wuliji, T., Franco, L. M., & Newsome, M. H. (2014). A community health worker “logic model”: Towards a theory of enhanced performance in low- and middle-income countries. Human Resources for Health, 12, 56. doi:10.1186/1478-4491-12-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, H., Mayon-White, R. T., Okong, P., & Carpenter, L. M. (2007). Challenges faced by health workers in implementing the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programme in Uganda. Journal of Public Health, 29(3), 269–274. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdm025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okello, D. R. O., & Gilson, L. (2015). Exploring the influence of trust relationships on motivation in the health sector: A systematic review. Human Resources for Health, 13, 16. doi:10.1186/s12960-015-0007-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Paoli, M. M., Manongi, R., & Klepp, K.-I. (2002). Counsellors’ perspectives on antenatal HIV testing and infant feeding dilemmas facing women with HIV in northern Tanzania. Reproductive Health Matters, 10(20), 144–156. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(02)00088-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer, K., Phaswana-Mafuya, N., & Ladzani, R. (2010). Implementation of the national programme for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV: A rapid assessment in Cacadu district, South Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 9(1), 95–106. doi: 10.2989/16085906.2010.484594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez, F., Aung, K., Ndoro, T., Engelsmann, B., & Dabis, F. (2008). Participation of traditional birth attendants in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in two rural districts in Zimbabwe: A feasibility study. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 401. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piwoz, E. G., Ferguson, Y., Bentley, M. E., Corneli, A. L., Moses, A., Nkhoma, J., … and the UNC Project BAN Study Team. (2006). Differences between international recommendations on breastfeeding in the presence of HIV and the attitudes and counselling messages of health workers in Lilongwe, Malawi. International Breastfeeding Journal, 1, 2. doi:10.1186/1746-4358-1-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramjee, G., & Daniels, B. (2013). Women and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Research and Therapy, 10, 30. doi:10.1186/1742-6405-10-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rispel, L. C., Peltzer, K., Phaswana-Mafuya, N., Metcalf, C. A., & Treger, L. (2009). Assessing missed opportunities for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in an Eastern Cape local service area. South African Medical Journal, 99(3), 174–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe, A. K., de Savigny, D., Lanata, C. F., & Victora, C. G. (2005). How can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings? The Lancet, 366(9490), 1026–1035. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67028-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rujumba, J., Tumwine, J. K., Tylleskär, T., Neema, S., & Heggenhougen, H. K. (2012). Listening to health workers: Lessons from Eastern Uganda for strengthening the programme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 3. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarker, M., Papy, J., Traore, S., & Neuhann, F. (2009). Insights on HIV pre-test counseling following scaling-up of PMTCT program in rural health posts, Burkina Faso. East African Journal of Public Health, 6(3), 283–289.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, S. (2005). Breastfeeding knowledge among health workers in rural South Africa. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 51(1), 33–38. doi:10.1093/tropej/fmh071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shayo, E. H., Mboera, L. E., & Blystad, A. (2013). Stakeholders’ participation in planning and priority setting in the context of a decentralised health care system: The case of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV programme in Tanzania. BMC Health Services Research, 13, 273. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-13-273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, K., Gimbel, S., Rustagi, A., Nduati, R., Cuembelo, F., Farquhar, C., … with input from the SAIA Study Team. (2014). Systems analysis and improvement to optimize pMTCT (SAIA): A cluster randomized trial. Implementation Science, 9, 55. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-9-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siemsen, E., Roth, A., & Balasubramanian, S. (2008). How motivation, opportunity, and ability drive knowledge sharing: The constraining-factor model. Journal of Operations Management, 26(3), 426–445. doi:10.1016/j.jom.2007.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silal, S. P., Penn-Kekana, L., Harris, B., Birch, S., & McIntyre, D. (2012). Exploring inequalities in access to and use of maternal health services in South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 120. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simba, D., Kamwela, J., Mpembeni, R., & Msamanga, G. (2008). The impact of scaling-up prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV infection on the human resource requirement: The need to go beyond numbers. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 25, 17–29. doi:10.1002/hpm.950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprague, C., Chersich, M. F., & Black, V. (2011). Health system weaknesses constrain access to PMTCT and maternal HIV services in South Africa: A qualitative enquiry. AIDS Research and Therapy, 8, 10. doi:10.1186/1742-6405-8-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson, K., & Myer, L. (2012). Barriers to initiating antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy: A qualitative study of women attending services in Cape Town, South Africa. African Journal of AIDS Research, 11(1), 65–73. doi:10.2989/16085906.2012.671263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturke, R., Harmston, C., Simonds, R. J., Mofenson, L. M., Siberry, G. K., Watts, H., … Nagel, J. D. (2014). A multi-disciplinary approach to implementation science: The NIH-PEPFAR PMTCT implementation science alliance. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 67(Suppl2), S163–S167. doi:10.1097/QAI.0000000000000323
   Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M., Doherty, T., Ijumba, P., Jackson, D., Lawn, J., Persson, L. A., … Chopra, M. (2014). Goodstart: A cluster randomised effectiveness trial of an integrated, community-based package for maternal and newborn care, with prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in a South African township. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 19(3), 256–266. doi:10.1111/tmi.12257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, J. M., Hatcher, A. H., Medema-Wijnveen, J., Onono, M., Miller, S., Bukusi, E. A., … Cohen, C. R (2012). The role of HIV-related stigma in utilization of skilled childbirth services in rural Kenya: A prospective mixed-methods study. PLos Medicine, 9(8), e1001295. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, J. M., & Nyblade, L. (2013). HIV-related stigma as a barrier to achievement of global PMTCT and maternal health goals: A review of the evidence. AIDS and Behavior, 17(7), 2528–2539. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0446-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuthill, E., McGrath, J., & Young, S. L. (2013). Commonalities and differences in infant feeding attitudes and practices in the context of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A metasynthesis. AIDS Care, 26(2), 214–225. doi:10.1080/09540121.2013.813625
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2014). The Gap report. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Uwimana, J., Jackson, D., Hausler, H., & Zarowsky, C. (2012a). Health system barriers to implementation of collaborative TB and HIV activities including prevention of mother to child transmission in South Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17(5), 658–665. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02956.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uwimana, J., Zarowsky, C., Hausler, H., & Jackson, D. (2012b). Engagement of non-government organisations and community care workers in collaborative TB/HIV activities including prevention of mother to child transmission in South Africa: Opportunities and challenges. BMC Health Services Research, 12, 233. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-12-233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernooij, E., & Hardon, A. (2013). “What mother wouldn't want to save her baby?” HIV testing and counselling practices in a rural Ugandan antenatal clinic. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(Suppl. 4), S553–S566. doi:10.1080/13691058.2012.758314
   Google Scholar
• Wanyu, B., Diom, E., Mitchell, P., Tih, P., & Meyer, D. (2007). Birth attendants trained in “prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission” provide care in rural Cameroon, Africa. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 52(4), 334–341. doi: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2006.12.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson-Jones, D., Balira, R., Ross, D. A., Weiss, H. A., & Mabey, D. (2012). Missed opportunities: Poor linkage into ongoing care for HIV-positive pregnant women in Mwanza, Tanzania. PLoS ONE, 7(7), e40091. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040091.t003
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2006). Antiretroviral drugs for treating pregnant women and preventing HIV infection in infants in resource-limited settings: Towards universal access (pp. 1–89). Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2007). HIV and infant feeding (pp. 1–20). Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2008). Task shifting: Rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2013). Consolidated guidelines on general HIV care and the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Yeap, A. D., Hamilton, R., Charalambous, S., Dwadwa, T., Churchyard, G. J., Geissler, P. W., & Grant, A. D. (2010). Factors influencing uptake of HIV care and treatment among children in South Africa – a qualitative study of caregivers and clinic staff. AIDS Care, 22(9), 1101–1107. doi:10.1080/0954012100360221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar