A risk score to identify HIV-infected women most likely to become lost to follow-up in the postpartum periodFootnote^*

* Presentations at conferences: A version of this work was presented at the 5th International Workshop on HIV & Women, Seattle, Washington, 21–22 February 2015.

References

• Ahmed, S., Kim, M. H., & Abrams, E. J. (2013). Risks and benefits of lifelong antiretroviral treatment for pregnant and breastfeeding women: A review of the evidence for the Option B + approach. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 8(5), 473–488. doi:10.1097/COH.0b013e328363a8f2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayuo, P., Musick, B., Liu, H., Braitstein, P., Nyandiko, W., Otieno-Nyunya, B., … Wools-Kaloustian, K. (2013). Frequency and factors associated with adherence to and completion of combination antiretroviral therapy for prevention of mother to child transmission in western Kenya. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(1), 17994. doi:10.7448/ias.16.1.17994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardeguez, A. D., Lindsey, J. C., Shannon, M., Tuomala, R. E., Cohn, S. E., Smith, E., … Read, J. S. (2008). Adherence to antiretrovirals among US women during and after pregnancy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 48(4), 408–417. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31817bbe80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogart, L. M., Chetty, S., Giddy, J., Sypek, A., Sticklor, L., Walensky, R. P., … Bassett, I. V. (2012). Barriers to care among people living with HIV in South Africa: Contrasts between patient and healthcare provider perspectives. AIDS Care. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.729808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyles, T. H., Wilkinson, L. S., Leisegang, R., & Maartens, G. (2011). Factors influencing retention in care after starting antiretroviral therapy in a rural South African programme. PloS one, 6(5), e19201. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Statistical Office [CSO], M. o. H. M., Tropical Diseases Research Centre [TDRC], University of Zambia, and Macro International Inc. (2009). Zambia Demographic and Health Survey 2007. Calverton, Maryland, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Chi, B. H., Cantrell, R. A., Mwango, A., Westfall, A. O., Mutale, W., Limbada, M., … Stringer, J. S. (2010). An empirical approach to defining loss to follow-up among patients enrolled in antiretroviral treatment programs. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(8), 924–931. doi:10.1093/aje/kwq008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, B. H., Vwalika, B., Killam, W. P., Wamalume, C., Giganti, M. J., Mbewe, R., … Stringer, J. S. (2011). Implementation of the Zambia electronic perinatal record system for comprehensive prenatal and delivery care. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 113(2), 131–136. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciaranello, A. L., Perez, F., Engelsmann, B., Walensky, R. P., Mushavi, A., Rusibamayila, A., … Freedberg, K. A. (2013). Cost-effectiveness of World Health Organization 2010 guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Zimbabwe. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56(3), 430–446. doi:10.1093/cid/cis858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clouse, K., Pettifor, A., Shearer, K., Maskew, M., Bassett, J., Larson, B., … Fox, M. P. (2013). Loss to follow-up before and after delivery among women testing HIV positive during pregnancy in Johannesburg, South Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 8(4), 451–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halperin, J., Pathmanathan, I., & Richey, L. E. (2013). Disclosure of HIV status to social networks is strongly associated with increased retention among an Urban Cohort in New Orleans. AIDS Patient Care and STDs 27(7), 375–377. doi:10.1089/apc.2013.0037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrell, F. E. (2002). Regression model strategies (1st ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Higa, D. H., Marks, G., Crepaz, N., Liau, A., & Lyles, C. M. (2012). Interventions to improve retention in HIV primary care: A systematic review of U.S. studies. Current HIV/AIDS reports, 9(4), 313–325. doi:10.1007/s11904-012-0136-6; 10.1007/s11904-012-0136-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirnschall, G., Harries, A. D., Easterbrook, P. J., Doherty, M. C., & Ball, A. (2013). The next generation of the World Health Organization's global antiretroviral guidance. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(1), 18757–18764. doi:10.7448/IAS.16.1.18757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson, I., Plummer, M. L., Konopka, S. N., Colvin, C. J., Jonas, E., Albertini, J., … Fogg, K. P. (2014). A systematic review of individual and contextual factors affecting ART initiation, adherence, and retention for HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women. PloS One, 9(11), e111421–111436. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111421
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan, R., Orrell, C., Zwane, E., Bekker, L. G., & Wood, R. (2008). Loss to follow-up and mortality among pregnant women referred to a community clinic for antiretroviral treatment. AIDS (London, England), 22(13), 1679–1681. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830ebcee; 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830ebcee
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempf, M. C., McLeod, J., Boehme, A. K., Walcott, M. W., Wright, L., Seal, P., … Moneyham, L. (2010). A qualitative study of the barriers and facilitators to retention-in-care among HIV-positive women in the rural southeastern United States: Implications for targeted interventions. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 24(8), 515–520. doi:10.1089/apc.2010.0065; 10.1089/apc.2010.0065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kieffer, M. P., Mattingly, M., Giphart, A., van de Ven, R., Chouraya, C., Walakira, M., … Simonds, R. J. (2014). Lessons learned from early implementation of option b+: The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation experience in 11 African countries. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 67(Suppl 4), S188–S194. doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuznik, A., Lamorde, M., Hermans, S., Castelnuovo, B., Auerbach, B., Semeere, A.,  … Manabe, Y. C. (2012). Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of combination antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Uganda. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(8), 595–603. doi:10.2471/blt.11.095430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panditrao, M., Darak, S., Kulkarni, V., Kulkarni, S., & Parchure, R. (2011). Socio-demographic factors associated with loss to follow-up of HIV-infected women attending a private sector PMTCT program in Maharashtra, India. AIDS Care, 23(5), 593–600. doi:10.1080/09540121.2010.516348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, T., Thebus, E., Bekker, L. G., McIntyre, J., Abrams, E. J., & Myer, L. (2014). Disengagement of HIV-positive pregnant and postpartum women from antiretroviral therapy services: A cohort study. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17, 19242–19252. doi:10.7448/ias.17.1.19242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen, S., & Fox, M. P. (2011). Retention in HIV care between testing and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. PLoS medicine, 8(7), e1001056–1001072. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001056
   Google Scholar
• Schouten, E. J., Jahn, A., Midiani, D., Makombe, S. D., Mnthambala, A., Chirwa, Z., … Chimbwandira, F. (2011). Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the health-related Millennium Development Goals: Time for a public health approach. The Lancet, 378(9787), 282–284. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62303-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer, N., Abrams, E. J., & Becquet, R. (2014). Option B + for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in resource-constrained settings: great promise but some early caution. AIDS, 28(4), 599–601. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenthani, L., Haas, A. D., Tweya, H., Jahn, A., van Oosterhout, J. J., Chimbwandira, F., … IeDEA Southern Africa. (2014). Retention in care under universal antiretroviral therapy for HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women (‘Option B+’) in Malawi. AIDS, 28(4), 589–598. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000000143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, M. A., Mugavero, M. J., Amico, K. R., Cargill, V. A., Chang, L. W., Gross, R., … Nachega, J. B. (2012). Guidelines for improving entry into and retention in care and antiretroviral adherence for persons with HIV: evidence-based recommendations from an International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care panel. Annals of Internal Medicine, 156(11), 817–833, W-284, W-285, W-286, W-287, W-288, W-289, W-290, W-291, W-292, W-293, W-294. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-11-201206050-00419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2014). Gap Report. Retrieved from Geneva, Switzerland: http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2014/july/20140716prgapreport
   Google Scholar
• Westreich, D., Evans, D., Firnhaber, C., Majuba, P., & Maskew, M. (2012). Prevalent pregnancy, biological sex, and virologic response to antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 60(5), 489–494. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e318256b310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wohl, A. R., Galvan, F. H., Myers, H. F., Garland, W., George, S., Witt, M., … Lee, M. L. (2011). Do social support, stress, disclosure and stigma influence retention in HIV care for Latino and African American men who have sex with men and women? AIDS and behavior, 15(6), 1098–1110. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9833-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2013). Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection: Recommendations for a public health approach. Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85321/1/9789241505727_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2015). Maternal mortality ratio. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/indmaternalmortality/en/
   Google Scholar