HIV-related stigma in pregnancy and early postpartum of mothers living with HIV in Ontario, Canada

References

• Benoit, C., & Shumka, L. (2009). Gendering the health determinants framework: Why girls’ and women’s health matters. Vancouver: Women’s Health Research Network. Retrieved from http://bccewh.bc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2009_GenderingtheHealthDeterminantsFrameworkWhyGirlsandWomensHealthMatters.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 518–529. doi: 10.1002/nur.10011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brittain, K., Mellins, C. A., Phillips, T., Zerbe, A., Abrams, E. J., Myer, L., & Remien, R. H. (2016). Social support, stigma and antenatal depression among HIV-Infected pregnant women in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1389-7
   Google Scholar
• deBruyn, T. (2004, December 16). A Plan of Action for Canada to reduce HIV/AIDS-related stigma and discrimination. Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network Report. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.aidslaw.ca/site/a-plan-of-action-for-canada-to-reduce-hivaids-related-stigma-and-discrimination/
   Google Scholar
• Burgoyne, R. W., & Saunders, D. S. (2000). Perceived support in newly registered HIV/AIDS clinic outpatients. AIDS Care, 12(5), 643–650. doi: 10.1080/095401200750003815
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caiola, C., Docherty, S. L., Relf, M., & Barroso, J. (2014). Using an intersectional approach to study the impact of social determinants of health for African American mothers living with HIV. Advances in Nursing Science, 37(4), 287–298. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0000000000000046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catz, S. L., Gore-Felton, C., & McClure, J. B. (2002). Psychological distress among minority and low-income women living with HIV. Behavioral Medicine, 28, 53–60. doi: 10.1080/08964280209596398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chulach, T., & Gagnon, M. (2013). Rethinking the experience of HIV-positive refugee women in the context of pregnancy: Using an intersectional approach in nursing. Research and Theory for Nursing Practice, 27(4), 240–256. doi: 10.1891/1541-6577.27.4.240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, R., Coleman, A. P., & Novak, J. D. (2004). Brief report: Initial psychometric properties of the everyday discrimination scale in black adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 363–368. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2003.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, H. J., Lindner, G., Armistead, L., & Austin, B.-J. (2003). Stigma, disclosure, and psychological functioning among HIV-infected and non-infected African-American women. Women and Health, 38, 57–71. doi: 10.1300/J013v38n04_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. doi: 10.2307/2136404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., & Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item edinburgh postnatal depression scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 782–786. doi: 10.1192/bjp.150.6.782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endeshaw, M., Walson, J., Rawlins, S., Dessie, A., Alemu, S., Andrews, N., & Rao, D. (2014). Stigma in Ethiopia: Association with depressive symptoms in people with HIV. AIDS Care, 26(8), 935–939. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2013.869537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, J. C., Alimenti, A. M., Singer, J., Brophy, J. C., Bitnun, A., Samson, L. M., … Read, S. E. (2012). A national review of vertical HIV transmission. AIDS, 26(6), 757–763. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328350995c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, S., Ion, A., Elston, D., Kwaramba, G., Smith, S., & Loutfy, M. (2015a). (M)othering with HIV: Resisting and reconstructing experiences of health and social surveillance. In B. Hogeveen & J. Minaker (Eds.), Criminalized mothers, criminalizing motherhood (pp. 231–263). Toronto, ON: Demeter Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, S., Ion, A., Elston, D., Kwaramba, G., Smith, S., Carvalhal, A., & Loutfy, M. (2015b). “Why aren't you breastfeeding?”: How mothers living with HIV talk about infant feeding in a “Breast is best” world. Health Care for Women International, 36(8), 883–901. doi: 10.1080/07399332.2014.888720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, S., Ion, A., Kwaramba, G., Smith, S., & Loutfy, M. R. (2016). “Why are you pregnant? What were you thinking?”: How women navigate experiences of HIV-related stigma in medical settings during pregnancy and birth. Social Work in Health Care, 55(2), 161–179. doi: 10.1080/00981389.2015.1081665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grov, C., Golub, S. A., Parsons, J. T., Brennan, M., & Karpiak, S. (2010). Loneliness and HIV-related stigma explain depression among older HIV-positive adults. AIDS Care, 22(5), 630–639. doi: 10.1080/09540120903280901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidroz, K., & Berger, M. T. (2009). A conversation with founding scholars of intersectionality: Kimberle Crenshaw, Nira Yuval-Davis, and Michelle Fine. In M. T. Berger & K. Guidroz (Eds.), The intersectional approach: Transforming the academy through race, class & gender (pp. 61–78). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., Saha, S., & Burack, J. (2013). Stigma and psychological distress in people with HIV/AIDS. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35, 41–54. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2012.746606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ion, A., Greene, S., Mellor, K., Kwaramba, G., Smith, S., Barry, F., Kennedy, V. L., Carvalhal, A., Loutfy, M. for the HIV Mothering Study Team. (2016). Perinatal care experiences of mothers living with HIV in Ontario, Canada. Journal of HIV/AIDS & Social Services, 15(2), 180–201. doi: 10.1080/15381501.2015.1131219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, I. T., Ryu, A. E., Onuegbu, A. G., Psaros, C., Weiser, S. D., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2013). Impact of HIV-related stigma on treatment adherence: Systematic review and meta-synthesis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(3). doi:10.7448/ias.16.3.18640
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly, U. A. (2009). Integrating intersectionality and biomedicine in health disparities research. Advances in Nursing Science, 32(2), E42–E56. doi: 10.1097/ANS.0b013e3181a3b3fc
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keusch, G. T., Wilentz, J., & Kleinman, A. (2006). Stigma and global health: Developing a research agenda. The Lancet, 367, 525–527. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68183-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363–385. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, C., James, L., Tharao, W., & Loufty, M. (2011). HIV, gender, race, sexual orientation, and sex work: A qualitative study of intersectional stigma experienced by HIV-positive women in Ontario, Canada. PLoS Medicine, 8(11), e1001124. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, C., James, L., Tharao, W., & Loutfy, M. (2013). Associations between HIV-related stigma, racial discrimination, gender discrimination, and depression among HIV-positive African, Caribbean, and Black Women in Ontario, Canada. AIDS Patient Care & STDs, 27(2), 114–122. doi: 10.1089/apc.2012.0296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutfy, M. R., Logie, C. H., Zhang, Y., Blitz, S. L., Margolese, S. L., Tharao, W. E., … Raboud, J. M. (2012). Gender and ethnicity differences in HIV-related stigma experienced by people living with HIV in Ontario, Canada. PLoS ONE, 7(12), e48168. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loutfy, M., Tharao, W., Logie, C., Aden, M. A., Chambers, L. A., Wu, W., … & Calzavara, L. (2015). Systematic review of stigma reducing interventions for African/Black diasporic women. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(1). doi:10.7448/ias.18.1.19835
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan, A. P., Sayles, J. N., Patel, V. A., Remien, R. H, Sawires, S. R., Ortiz, D. J, … Coates, T. J. (2008). Stigma in the HIV/AIDS epidemic: A review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS, 22(Suppl 2), S67–S79. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Commerce Department. (2003). NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. Retrieved from http://www.itl.nist.gov/div898/handbook
   Google Scholar
• Norman, G. R., & Streiner, D. L. (2008). Biostatistics: The bare essentials (3rd ed.). Hamilton, ON: BC Decker.
   Google Scholar
• Ojikutu, B. O., Pathak, S., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Limbada, M., Friedman, R., Li, S., … HIV Prevention Trials Network 063 Team. (2016). Community cultural norms, stigma and disclosure to sexual partners among women living with HIV in Thailand, Brazil and Zambia (HPTN 063). PLoS ONE, 11(5), e0153600. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyebuchi-Iwudibia, O., & Brown, A. (2014). HIV and depression in Eastern Nigeria: The role of HIV-related stigma. AIDS Care, 26(5), 653–657. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2013.844761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrum, R. A., Serovich, J. M., Lim, J. Y., & Mason, T. L. (2006). The role of stigma in reasons for HIV disclosure and non-disclosure to children. AIDS Care, 18(1), 60–65. doi: 10.1080/09540120500161769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradies, Y. C. (2006). Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research. Critical Public Health, 16(2), 143–157. doi: 10.1080/09581590600828881
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, J. L. (2010). The challenges of seeking and receiving support for women living with HIV. Health Communication, 25, 470–479. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2010.484878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Public Health Agency of Canada. (2014). HIV and AIDS in Canada: Surveillance Report to December 31, 2013. Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada. Retrieved from http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/aids-sida/publication/survreport/2013/dec/assets/pdf/hiv-aids-surveillence-eng.pdf on February 3, 2015
   Google Scholar
• Remien, R. H., Exner, T., Kertzner, R. M., Ehrhardt, A. A., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Johnson, M. O., … Kelly, J. A. (2006). Depressive symptomatology among HIV-positive women in the era of HAART: A stress and coping model. American Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 275–285. doi: 10.1007/s10464-006-9083-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, D., Peplau, L. A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472–480. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.39.3.472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M., & Barroso, J. (2003). Motherhood in the context of maternal HIV infection. Research in Nursing & Health, 26, 470–482. doi: 10.1002/nur.10109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandelowski, M., Lambe, C., & Barroso, J. (2004). Stigma in HIV positive women. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 36(2), 122–128. doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2004.04024.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherbourne, C. D., & Stewart, A. L. (1991). The MOS Social Support Survey. Social Science & Medicine, 32(6), 705–714. doi: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stutterheim, S. E., Pryor, J. B., Bos, A. E. R., Hoogendijk, R., Muris, P., & Schaalma, H. P. (2009). HIV-related stigma and psychological distress: The harmful effects of specific stigma manifestations in various social settings. AIDS, 23, 2353–2357. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3283320dce
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, S. M., & Vanable, P. A. (2016). The association of HIV-related stigma to HIV medication adherence: A systematic review and synthesis of the literature. AIDS and Behavior, 20(1), 29–50. doi: 10.1007/s10461-015-1164-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, B., Budhwani, H., Fazeli, P. L., Browning, W. R., Raper, J. L., Mugavero, M. J., & Turan, J. M. (2016). How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes. AIDS and Behavior. doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1451-5
   Google Scholar
• Turan, B., Stringer, K. L., Onono, M., Bukusi, E. A., Weiser, S. D., Cohen, C. R., & Turan, J. M. (2014). Linkage to HIV care, postpartum depression, and HIV-related stigma in newly diagnosed pregnant women living with HIV in Kenya: A longitudinal observational study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 14(1), 400. doi:10.1186/s12884-014-0400-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyavaharkar, M., Moneyham, L., Corwin, S., Saunders, R., Annang, L., & Tavakoli, A. (2010). Relationships between stigma, social support and depression in HIV-infected African American women living in the rural southeastern United States. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 21(2), 144–152. doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2009.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A. C., Hart, T. A., Mohammed, S., Ivanova, E., Wong, J., & Loutfy, M. R. (2010). Correlates of HIV stigma in HIV-positive women. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 13, 207–214. doi: 10.1007/s00737-010-0158-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuest, J., Merritt-Gray, M., Berman, H., & Ford-Gilboe, M. (2002). Illuminating social determinants of women’s health using grounded theory. Health Care for Women International, 23, 794–808. doi: 10.1080/07399330290112326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar