Effects of antiretroviral treatment and nadir CD4 count in progression to cardiovascular events and related comorbidities in a HIV Brazilian cohort: a multi-stage approach

References

• Albuquerque, V. M., Zírpoli, J. C., Miranda-Filho, D. B., Albuquerque, M. F., Montarroyos, U. R., Ximenes, R. A., & Lacerda, H. R. (2013). Risk factors for subclinical atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients under and over 40 years: A case–control study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 13, 274. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, P. K. (2002). Competing risks as a multi-state model. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 11, 203–215. doi: 10.1191/0962280202sm281ra
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arildsen, H., Sørensen, K. E., Ingerslev, J. M., Østergaard, L. J., & Laursen, A. L. (2013). Endothelial dysfunction, increased inflammation, and activated coagulation in HIV-infected patients improve after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. HIV Medicine, 14, 1–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01027.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brignol, S., Dourado, I., Amorim, L. D., & Kerr, L. R. (2015). Vulnerability in the context of HIV and syphilis infection in a population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 31(5), 1035–1048. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00178313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, D. P., Ribeiro, S. R., Grinsztejn, B., Veloso, V. G., Valente, J. G., Bastos, F. I., … Gadelha, A. J. (2005). Survival of AIDS patients using two case definitions, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1986–2003. AIDS (london, England), 19(Suppl.4), 22–26. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000191486.92285.1c
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Core Team, R. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• D:A:D Study Group. (2008). Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D:A:D study: A multi-cohort collaboration. Lancet (London, England), 371(9622), 1417–1426. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60423-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinstein, M. J., Bahiru, E., Achenbach, C., Longenecker, C. T., Hsue, P., So-Armah, K., … Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2016). Patterns of cardiovascular mortality for HIV-infected adults in the United States: 1999 to 2013. American Journal of Cardiology, 117, 214–220. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.10.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucher, Y., Mathieu, E., Saint-Pierre, P., Durand, J. F., & Daurès, J. P. (2005). A semi-markov model based on generalized Weibull distribution with an illustration for HIV disease. Biometrical Journal, 47(6), 825–833. doi: 10.1002/bimj.200410170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomo, Z. A., Hakim, J. G., Walker, S. A., Tinago, W., Mandonaza, G., Kityo, C., … DAART Team. (2014). Impact of second-line antiretroviral regimens on lipid profiles in an African setting: The DART trial sub-study. AIDS Research and Therapy, 11, 32. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-11-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huzurbazar, A. V. (2005). Flowgraph models for multistate time-to-event data (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
   Google Scholar
• The INSIGHT START Study Group. (2015). Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in early asymptomatic HIV infection. New England Journal of Medicine, 373, 795–807. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1506816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam, F. M., Wu, J., Jansson, J., & Wilson, D. P. (2012). Relative risk of cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Medicine, 13, 453–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josephson, F. (2010). Drug–drug interactions in the treatment of HIV infection: Focus on pharmacokinetic enhancement through CYP3A inhibition. Journal of Internal Medicine, 268(6), 530–539. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02301.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousignian, I., Abgrall, S., Duval, X., Descamps, D., Matheron, S., & Costagliola, D. (2003). Modeling the time course of CD4 T-lymphocyte counts according to the level of virologic rebound in HIV-1–infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 34(1), 50–55. doi: 10.1097/00126334-200309010-00007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawless, J. F., & Rad, N. N. (2015). Estimation and assessment of markov multistate models with intermittent observations on individuals. Lifetime Data Analysis, 21, 160–179. doi: 10.1007/s10985-014-9310-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malta, M., Silva, C. M., Magnanini, M. M., Wirtz, A. L., Perissé, A. R., Beyrer, C., … Bastos, F. I. (2015). Improvement of HAART in Brazil, 1998–2008: A nationwide assessment of survival times after AIDS diagnosis among men who have sex with men. BMC Public Health, 15, 226. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1530-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Iguacel, R., Llibre, J. M., & Friis-Moller, N. (2015). Risk of cardiovascular disease in an aging HIV population: Where Are We Now? Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 12, 375–387. doi: 10.1007/s11904-015-0284-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathieu, E., Foucher, Y., Dellamonica, P., & Daures, J. P. (2007). Parametric and non-homogeneous semi-markov process for HIV control. Methodology Computing in Applied Probability, 9(3), 389–397. doi: 10.1007/s11009-007-9033-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministério da Saúde. (2008). Recomendações para terapia antirretroviral em adultos infectados pelo HIV. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Programa Nacional de DST e AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Nam, S., Whittemore, R., Jeon, S., Davey-Rothwell, M. A., & Latkin, C. (2016). High blood pressure and related factors among individuals at high risk for HIV/sexually transmitted infections. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich), 18(6), 572–580. doi: 10.1111/jch.12714
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negredo, E., Massanella, M., Puig, J., Pérez-Alvarez, N., Gallego-Escuredo, J. M., Villaroya, J., … Blanco, J. (2010). Nadir CD4T cell count as predictor and high CD4T cell intrinsic apoptosis as final mechanism of poor CD4T cell recovery in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients: Clinical implications. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 50(9), 1300–1308. doi: 10.1086/651689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, R. V., Shimakura, S. E., Campos, D. P., Victoriano, F. P., Ribeiro, S. R., Veloso, V. G., … Carvalho, M. S. (2013). Multi-state models for defining degrees of chronicity related to HIV-infected patient therapy adherence. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 29(4), 801–811. doi: 10.1590/S0102-311X2013000800017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paisible, A., Chang, C. H., So-Armah, K. A., Butt, A. A., Leaf, D. A., Budoff, M., … VACS Project Team. (2015). HIV infection, cardiovascular disease risk factor profile, and risk for acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 68(2), 209–216. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyskens, K. M., & Faadiel Essop, M. (2014). HIV protease inhibitors and onset of cardiovascular diseases: A central role for oxidative stress and dysregulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1842, 256–268. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, I. S., Alencar, A. P., Rundek, T., Goulart, A. C., Barreto, S. M., Pereira, A. C., … Lotufo, P. A. (2015). Low impact of traditional risk factors on carotid intima-Media thickness The ELSA-brasil cohort. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 35, 2054–2059. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.115.305765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The SMART Study Group. (2006). CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. New England Journal of Medicine, 355, 2283–2296. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa062360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titman, A. C., & Sharples, L. D. (2010). Model diagnostics in multi-state models. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 19(6), 621–651. doi: 10.1177/0962280209105541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevillyan, J. M., Arthur, J. F., Jing, J., Andrews, R. K., Gardiner, E. E., & Hoy, J. F. (2015). Effects of Abacavir administration on structural and functional markers of platelet activation. Aids (london, England), 29, 2309–2313. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triant, V. A., Lee, H., Hadigan, C., & Grinspoon, S. K. (2007). Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(7), 2506–2512. doi: 10.1210/jc.2006-2190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triant, V. A. (2012). HIV infection and coronary heart disease: An intersection of epidemics. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 205(Suppl 3), S355–S361. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Xu, L., Jonas, J. B., You, Q. S., Wang, Y. X., & Yang, H. (2011). Prevalence and associated factors of dyslipidemia in the adult Chinese population. PLoS One, 6(3), e17326. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2003). 2003 world health organization (WHO)/international society of hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. Journal of Hypertension, 21(11), 1983–1992. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200311000-00002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2006). Antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection in adults and adolescents : Recommendations for a public health approach - 2006 rev. Geneva: WHO, HTM/HIV.
   Google Scholar
• Wreede, L. C., Fiocco, M., & Putter, H. (2011). Mstate: An R package for the analysis of competing risks an multi-state models. Journal of Statistical Software, 38(7), 1–30. doi: 10.18637/jss.v038.i07
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanni, M. V., Fitch, K. V., Feldpausch, M., Han, A., Lee, H., Lu, M. T., … Grinspoon, S. K. (2014). 2013 ACC/AHA and 2004 ATP III cholesterol guidelines applied to HIV-infected patients with/without subclinical high risk coronary plaque. Aids (london, England), 28(14), 2061–2070. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar