References
- Creek, T., Tanuri, A., Smith, M., Seipone, K., Smit, M., Legwaila, K., … Shaffer, N. (2008). Early diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus in infants using polymerase chain reaction on dried blood spots in Botswana’s national program for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 27(1), 22–26. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e3181469050
- Drake, A. L., Wagner, A., Richardson, B., John-Stewart, G., & Mofenson, L. M. (2014). Incident HIV during pregnancy and postpartum and risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 11(2), e1001608. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001608
- Ebuy, H., Yebyo, H., & Alemayehu, M. (2015). Level of adherence and predictors of adherence to the option B+ PMTCT programme in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 33, 123–129. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.026
- Ferguson, L., Grant, A. D., Watson-Jones, D., Kahawita, T., Ong’ech, J. O., & Ross, D. A. (2012). Linking women who test HIV-positive in pregnancy-related services to long-term HIV care and treatment services: A systematic review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17(5), 564–580. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.02958.x
- Goga, A. E., Dinh, T. H., Jackson, D. J., Lombard, C., Delaney, K. P., Puren, A., … Pillay, Y. (2015). First population-level effectiveness evaluation of a national programme to prevent HIV transmission from mother to child, South Africa. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(3), 240–248. doi: 10.1136/jech-2014-204535
- Gray, R. H., Li, X., Kigozi, G., Serwadda, D., Brahmbhatt, H., Wabwire-Mangen, F., … Wawer, M. J. (2005). Increased risk of incident HIV during pregnancy in Rakai, Uganda: A prospective study. The Lancet, 366(9492), 1182–1188. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67481-8
- Jasseron, C., Mandelbrot, L., Dollfus, C., Trocme, N., Tubiana, R., Teglas, J. P., … Warszawski, J. (2013). Non-disclosure of a pregnant woman’s HIV status to her partner is associated with non-optimal prevention of mother-to-child transmission. AIDS and Behavior, 17(2), 488–497. doi: 10.1007/s10461-011-0084-y
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (2013). Global report. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic 2013. Geneva: UNAIDS.
- Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2015). Kenya demographic and health survey 2014. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
- Kiarie, J. N., Ong’ ech, J., Gachuno, O., Muiruri, P., Inwani, I., Kinuthia, J., … Mutsotso, W. (2012, March 5–8). National evaluation of PMTCT services: Kenya. Paper presented at the 19th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunitistic Infections (CROI), Seattle, WA.
- Kinuthia, J., Kiarie, J. N., Farquhar, C., Richardson, B. A., Nduati, R., Mbori-Ngacha, D., & John-Stewart, G. (2011). Uptake of prevention of mother to child transmission interventions in Kenya: Health systems are more influential than stigma. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 14, 61. doi: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-61
- Kinuthia, J., Singa, B., McGrath, C., Odeny, B., Langat, A., Katana, A., … John-Stewart, G. (2015). Non-disclosure of maternal HIV status to partners is associated with less antiretroviral use for PMTCT. Paper presented at the International AIDS Society Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment and Prevention, Vancouver.
- Moodley, D., Esterhuizen, T. M., Pather, T., Chetty, V., & Ngaleka, L. (2009). High HIV incidence during pregnancy: Compelling reason for repeat HIV testing. AIDS, 23(10), 1255–1259. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832a5934
- Moodley, D., Esterhuizen, T., Reddy, L., Moodley, P., Singh, B., Ngaleka, L., & Govender, D. (2011). Incident HIV infection in pregnant and lactating women and its effect on mother-to-child transmission in South Africa. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 203(9), 1231–1234. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir017
- NASCOP. (2012). Guidelines for prevention of mother to child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV/AIDS in Kenya (4th ed.). Nairobi: Kenya Ministry of Health.
- Nyandiko, W. M., Otieno-Nyunya, B., Musick, B., Bucher-Yiannoutsos, S., Akhaabi, P., Lane, K., … Wools-Kaloustian, K. (2010). Outcomes of HIV-exposed children in western Kenya: Efficacy of prevention of mother to child transmission in a resource-constrained setting. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 54(1), 42–50. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181d8ad51
- Ochanda, B., Schmitz, M., Langat, A., Mukui, I., Mwangi, A., Wafula, R., … Muttai, H. (2014, July 20–25). HIV exposed infant cohort analysis: Results from an innovative method for routinely monitoring longitudinal outcomes in HIV exposed infants, Kenya. Paper presented at the 20th International AIDS Conference, Melbourne.
- Schechter, J., Bakor, A. B., Kone, A., Robinson, J., Lue, K., & Senturia, K. (2014). Exploring loss to follow-up among women living with HIV in prevention of mother to child transmission programmes in Cote d’Ivoire. Global Public Health, 9(10), 1139–1151. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2014.970659
- Spangler, S. A., Onono, M., Bukusi, E. A., Cohen, C. R., & Turan, J. M. (2014). HIV-positive status disclosure and use of essential PMTCT and maternal health services in rural Kenya. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 67(Suppl. 4), S235–S242. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000376
- Stringer, J. S., Stinson, K., Tih, P. M., Giganti, M. J., Ekouevi, D. K., Creek, T. L., … AbouZahr, C. (2013). Measuring coverage in MNCH: Population HIV-free survival among children under two years of age in four African countries. PLoS Medicine, 10(5), e1001424. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001424
- Tudor Car, L., van-Velthoven, M. H., Brusamento, S., Elmoniry, H., Car, J., Majeed, A., & Atun, R. (2011). Integrating prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) programmes with other health services for preventing HIV infection and improving HIV outcomes in developing countries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), CD008741. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008741.pub2
- Turan, J. M., & Nyblade, L. (2013). HIV-related stigma as a barrier to achievement of global PMTCT and maternal health goals: A review of the evidence. AIDS and Behavior, 17(7), 2528–2539. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0446-8
- World Health Organization. (2012). A short guide on methods: Measuring the impact of national PMTCT programmes: Towards the elimination of new HIV infections among children by 2015 and keeping their mothers alive. Geneva: World Health Organization.