Structural barriers to comprehensive, coordinated HIV care: geographic accessibility in the US SouthFootnote^*

* Preliminary results for this manuscript were presented in part at the 8th IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention [abstract A-729-0310-03361], July 19–22, 2015, Vancouver, Canada, and the AcademyHealth Annual Research Meeting [abstract 10924], June 26–28, 2016, Boston, USA.

References

• Adimora, A. A., Ramirez, C., Schoenbach, V. J., & Cohen, M. S. (2014). Policies and politics that promote HIV infection in the Southern United States. AIDS, 28(10), 1393–1397. doi: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIDSvu. (www.aidsvu.org). Emory University, Rollins School of Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M. (2016). Who relies on public transit in the U.S. Fact Tank: News in the numbers. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/07/who-relies-on-public-transit-in-the-u-s/
   Google Scholar
• Arora, S., Kalishman, S., Dion, D., Som, D., Thornton, K., Bankhurst, A., … Yutzy, S. (2011). Partnering urban academic medical centers and rural primary care clinicians to provide complex chronic disease care. Health Affairs, 30(6), 1176–1184. doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley, H., Hall, H. I., Wolitski, R. J., Van Handel, M. M., Stone, A. E., LaFlam, M., … Valleroy, L. A. (2014). Vital Signs: HIV diagnosis, care, and treatment among persons living with HIV–United States, 2011. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 63(47), 1113–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brundisini, F., Giacomini, M., DeJean, D., Vanstone, M., Winsor, S., & Smith, A. (2013). Chronic disease patients’ experiences with accessing health care in rural and remote areas: A systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series, 13(15), 1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2015). Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-us.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, S., Kramer, M. R., Rosenberg, E. S., Sanchez, T. H., Reed, L., & Sullivan, P. S. (2015). The effect of commuting patterns on HIV care attendance among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Atlanta, Georgia. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 1(2), e10. doi: 10.2196/publichealth.4525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Desilver, D. (2014). Who’s poor in America? 50 years into the “War on Poverty,” a data portrait. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/01/13/whos-poor-in-america-50-years-into-the-war-on-poverty-a-data-portrait/
   Google Scholar
• Eberhart, M. G., Share, A. M., Shpaner, M., & Brady, K. A. (2015). Comparison of geographic methods to assess travel patterns of persons diagnosed with HIV in Philadelphia: How close is close enough? Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 53, 93–99. doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhart, M. G., Voytek, C. D., Hillier, A., Metzger, D. S., Blank, M. B., & Brady, K. A. (2014). Travel distance to HIV medical care: A geographic analysis of weighted survey data from the Medical Monitoring Project in Philadelphia, PA. AIDS and Behavior, 18(4), 776–782. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0597-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goswami, N. D., Schmitz, M. M., Sanchez, T., Dasgupta, S., Sullivan, P., Cooper, H., … Waller, L. A. (2016). Understanding local spatial variation along the care continuum: The potential impact of transportation vulnerability on HIV linkage to care and viral suppression in high-poverty areas, Atlanta, Georgia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 72(1), 65–72. doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government Publishing Office. (2016). 42 CFR Part 5, Appendix A to Part 5, criteria for designation of areas having shortages of primary medical care professional(s).
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, D. B., Buchacz, K., Gebo, K. A., Hessol, N. A., Horberg, M. A., Jacobson, L. P., … Gange, S. J. (2013). Trends and disparities in antiretroviral therapy initiation and virologic suppression among newly treatment-eligible HIV-infected individuals in North America, 2001–2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56(8), 1174–1182. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, D. B., Selik, R. M., Tang, T., & Gange, S. J. (2012). Disparities among US states in HIV-related mortality in persons with HIV infection, 2001–2007. AIDS, 26(1), 95–103. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834dcf87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). (2011). National HIV/AIDS strategy: Improving HIV/AIDS care in the health center community. Summary of a HRSA/BPHC Grantee TA Call – Held January 31, 2011. Retrieved from https://bphc.hrsa.gov/technicalassistance/taresources/nhascallnotes040111.pdf.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). (2015a). Data warehouse – data portal. Retrieved from https://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/tools/dataportal.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). (2015b). Data warehouse – find grants. Retrieved from https://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/Tools/FindGrants.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, D. D., & Franco, S. J. (2014). 2013 NCHS urban–rural classification scheme for counties. Vital and Health Statistics. Series 2, Data Evaluation and Methods Research, 166, 1–73.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, A. S., Beer, L., Sionean, C., Hu, X., Furlow-Parmley, C., Le, B., … Dean, H. D. (2013). HIV infection – United States, 2008 and 2010. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries, 62(Suppl 3), 112–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landon, B. E., Wilson, I. B., Cohn, S. E., Fichtenbaum, C. J., Wong, M. D., Wenger, N. S., … Cleary, P. D. (2003). Physician specialization and antiretroviral therapy for HIV. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 18(4), 233–241. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2003.20705.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landon, B. E., Wilson, I. B., Wenger, N. S., Cohn, S. E., Fichtenbaum, C. J., Bozzette, S. A., … Cleary, P. D. (2002). Specialty training and specialization among physicians who treat HIV/AIDS in the United States. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 17(1), 12–22. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2002.10401.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. C., Bruinooge, S. S., Kirkwood, M. K., Olsen, C., Jemal, A., Bajorin, D., … Hershman, D. L. (2015). Association between geographic access to cancer care, insurance, and receipt of chemotherapy: Geographic distribution of oncologists and travel distance. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 33(28), 3177–3185. doi:10.1200/jco.2015.61.1558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macartney, S., Bishaw, A., & Fontenot, K. (2013). Poverty rates for selected detailed race and Hispanic groups by state and place: 2007–2011. American Community Survey Briefs. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acsbr11-17.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mugavero, M. J., Lin, H. Y., Allison, J. J., Giordano, T. P., Willig, J. H., Raper, J. L., … Saag, M. S. (2009). Racial disparities in HIV virologic failure: Do missed visits matter? Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 50(1), 100–108. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818d5c37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murrin, S. (2014). State standards for access to care in medicaid managed care. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Inspector General. Retrieved from https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-02-11-00320.pdf
   Google Scholar
• National Association of Community Health Centers (NACHC). (2017). Appropriations. Retrieved from http://www.nachc.org/policy-matters/federal-issues/appropriations/
   Google Scholar
• Office of National AIDS Policy (ONAP). (2015, July). National HIV/AIDS strategy for the United States: Updated to 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ohl, M., Dillon, D., Moeckli, J., Ono, S., Waterbury, N., Sissel, J., … Kaboli, P. (2013). Mixed-methods evaluation of a telehealth collaborative care program for persons with HIV infection in a rural setting. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(9), 1165–1173. doi: 10.1007/s11606-013-2385-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onega, T., Duell, E. J., Shi, X., Wang, D., Demidenko, E., & Goodman, D. (2008). Geographic access to cancer care in the U.S. Cancer, 112(4), 909–918. doi: 10.1002/cncr.23229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paradise, J., Rosenbaum, S., Markus, A., Sharac, J., Tran, C., Reynolds, D., & Shin, P. (2017). Community health centers: recent growth and the role of the ACA. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/report-section/community-health-centers-recent-growth-and-the-role-of-the-aca-issue-brief/
   Google Scholar
• Peipins, L. A., Graham, S., Young, R., Lewis, B., & Flanagan, B. (2013). Racial disparities in travel time to radiotherapy facilities in the Atlanta metropolitan area. Social Science and Medicine, 89, 32–38. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.04.018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prejean, J., Tang, T., & Hall, H. I. (2013). HIV diagnoses and prevalence in the Southern region of the United States, 2007–2010. Journal of Community Health, 38(3), 414–426. doi: 10.1007/s10900-012-9633-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raphael, S., Berube, A., & Deakin, E. (2006). Socioeconomic differences in household automobile ownership rates: Implications for evacuation policy. University of California Transportation Center, Working Paper. Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7bp4n2f6
   Google Scholar
• Rattay, T., Dumont, I. P., Heinzow, H. S., & Hutton, D. W. (2017). Cost-effectiveness of access expansion to treatment of Hepatitis C virus infection through primary care providers. Gastroenterology, 153(6), 1531–1543. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, J., Artiga, S., & Paradise, J. (2014). Health coverage and care in the South in 2014 and beyond. Retrieved from https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/8577-health-coverage-and-care-in-the-south-in-2014-and-beyond-june-2014-update.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, J. M., Brotherton, S., Dunning, S. C., Emerson, L. C., Gilbertson, D. T., Harrison, D. J., … Gitlin, M. (2013). Geographic disparities in patient travel for dialysis in the United States. Journal of Rural Health, 29(4), 339–348. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, K., MacLean, C., Troy, A., & Littenberg, B. (2006). Driving distance as a barrier to glycemic control in diabetes. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21(4), 378–380. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00386.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, M., Anthony, M. N., Vila, C., McLellan-Lemal, E., & Weidle, P. J. (2010). HIV testing and HIV/AIDS treatment services in rural counties in 10 Southern states: Service provider perspectives. Journal of Rural Health, 26(3), 240–247. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00284.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi, A., Gardner, L. I., Ogbuanu, I., Youmans, E., Stephens, T., Gibson, J. J., & Duffus, W. A. (2011). Predictors of time to enter medical care after a new HIV diagnosis: A statewide population-based study. AIDS Care, 23(11), 1366–1373. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.565032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Centers of population by county. Retrieved March from https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/centersofpop.html
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2015). Tracking accountability in government grants system. Retrieved from https://taggs.hhs.gov/
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). (2016). HIV testing sites & care services locator. Retrieved from https://www.hiv.gov/locator/
   Google Scholar
• Weddle, A., Twilbeck, N., Toomey, B., Mincey, V., & McNamara, K. (2015). Strategies for Ryan White providers to partner/transition to community health centers in a post-Affordable Care Act world. HIV Prevention Justice Alliance. Retrieved from http://www.preventionjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/HIV-PJA-Ryan-White-Webinar-1.14.15.pdf
   Google Scholar