Is symptom prevalence and burden associated with HIV treatment status and disease stage among adult HIV outpatients in Kenya? A cross-sectional self-report study

References

• Altman, D. G. (1991). Practical statistics for medical research. London: Chapman and Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Aouizerat, B. E., Miaskowski, C. A., Gay, C., Portillo, C. J., Coggins, T., Davis, H., … Lee, K. A. (2010). Risk factors and symptoms associated with pain in HIV-infected adults. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 21, 125–133. doi: 10.1016/j.jana.2009.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brechtl, J. R., Breitbart, W., Galietta, M., Krivo, S., & Rosenfeld, B. (2001). The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in patients with advanced HIV infection: Impact on medical, palliative care, and quality of life outcomes. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 21, 41–51. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(00)00245-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursac, Z., C, G. A. U. S. S., Williams, H., & Hosmer, D. K., & W, D. (2008). Purposeful selection of variables in logistic regression. Source Code for Biology and Medicine, 3, 17. doi: 10.1186/1751-0473-3-17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang, V. T., Hwang, S. S., Feuerman, M., Kasimis, B. S., & Thaler, H. T. (2000). The memorial symptom assessment scale short form (MSAS-SF). Cancer, 89, 1162–1171. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(20000901)89:5<1162::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-Y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H., Clifford, D. B., Deng, L., K, W. U., Lee, A. J., Bosch, R. J., … Evans, S. R. (2013). Peripheral neuropathy in ART-experienced patients: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of Neurovirology, 19, 557–564. doi: 10.1007/s13365-013-0216-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, J., Hamelin, A.-M., Moodie, E. E. M., Anema, A., Klein, M. B., & Brassard, P. (2018). Association between depressive symptoms, CD4 count and HIV viral suppression among HIV-HCV co-infected people AU - Aibibula, Wusiman. AIDS Care, 30, 643–649. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1431385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damtie, D., Yismaw, G., Woldeyohannes, D., & Anagaw, B. (2013). Common opportunistic infections and their CD4 cell correlates among HIV-infected patients attending at antiretroviral therapy clinic of Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Research Notes, 6, 534–534. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-534
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dawson, J., Doll, H., Fitzpatrick, R., Jenkinson, C., & Carr, A. J. (2010). The routine use of patient reported outcome measures in healthcare settings. BMJ, 340, c186. doi: 10.1136/bmj.c186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobalian, A., Tsao, J. C., & Duncan, R. P. (2004). Pain and the use of outpatient services among persons with HIV: Results from a nationally representative survey. Medical Care, 42(2), 129–138. doi: 10.1097/01.mlr.0000108744.45327.d4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, R. J., Rosario, D., Clifford, D. B., Mcarthur, J. C., Simpson, D., Alexander, T., … Marra, C. M. (2010). Continued high prevalence and adverse clinical impact of human immunodeficiency virus–associated sensory neuropathy in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: The CHARTER study. Archives of Neurology, 67, 552–558. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans, S. R., Ellis, R. J., Chen, H., Yeh, T.-M., Lee, A. J., Schifitto, G., … Clifford, D. B. (2011). Peripheral neuropathy in HIV: Prevalence and risk factors. AIDS (London, England), 25, 919–928. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328345889d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrant, L., Gwyther, L., Dinat, N., Mmoledi, K., Hatta, N., & Harding, R. (2012). The prevalence and burden of pain and other symptoms among South Africans attending highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) clinics. South African Medical Journal, 102, 499–500. doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.5481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwatkin, D. R., Rutstein, S., Johnson, K., Suliman, E., Wagstaff, A., & Amouzou, A. (2007). Socio-economic differences in health, nutrition, and population. Ghana: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Harding, R., Clucas, C., Lampe, F. C., Date, H. L., Fisher, M., Johnson, M., … Sherr, L. (2012). What factors are associated with patient self-reported health status among HIV outpatients? A multi-centre UK study of biomedical and psychosocial factors. AIDS Care, 24, 963. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2012.668175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, R., Clucas, C., Lampe, F. C., Norwood, S., Leake Date, H., Fisher, M., … Sherr, L. (2012). Behavioral surveillance study: Sexual risk taking behaviour in UK HIV outpatient attendees. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 1708–1715. doi: 10.1007/s10461-011-0023-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, R., Lampe, F. C., Norwood, S., Date, H. L., Clucas, C., Fisher, M., … Sherr, L. (2010). Symptoms are highly prevalent among HIV outpatients and associated with poor adherence and unprotected sexual intercourse. Sexually Transmitted Infections. doi: 10.1136/sti.2009.038505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, R., Molloy, T., Easterbrook, P., Frame, K., & Higginson, I. J. (2006). Is antiretroviral therapy associated with symptom prevalence and burden? International Journal of STD & AIDS, 17, 400–405. doi: 10.1258/095646206777323409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, R., Simms, V., Penfold, S., Downing, J., Namisango, E., Powell, R. A., … Higginson, I. J. (2014). Quality of life and wellbeing among HIV outpatients in East Africa: A multicentre observational study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(613).
   Google Scholar
• Hardon, A. P., Akurut, D., Comoro, C., Ekezie, C., Irunde, H. F., Gerrits, T., … Laing, R. (2007). Hunger, waiting time and transport costs: Time to confront challenges to ART adherence in Africa. AIDS Care, 19, 658. doi: 10.1080/09540120701244943
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, K. T., Owino, C., Gramelspacher, G. P., Monahan, P. O., Tabbey, R., Hagembe, M., … Vreeman, R. C. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of pain and pain treatment in a western Kenya referral hospital. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 16, 1260–1267. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2013.0080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, J., Jelsma, J., Maclean, E., Darder, M., & Tinise, X. (2004). The health-related quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS. Disability and Rehabilitation, 26, 371–376. doi: 10.1080/09638280410001662932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball, L. R., & Mccormick, W. C. (1996). The pharmacologic management of pain and discomfort in persons with AIDS near the end of life: Use of opioid analgesia in the hospice setting. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 11, 88–94. doi: 10.1016/0885-3924(95)00156-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolawole Wasiu, W., & Alakija Kazeem, S. (2011). Pain as a symptom in patients living with HIV/AIDS seen at the outpatient clinic of a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. JIAPAC: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care, 10, 35–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koole, O., Denison, J. A., Menten, J., Tsui, S., Wabwire-Mangen, F., Kwesigabo, G., … Colebunders, R. (2016). Reasons for missing antiretroviral therapy: Results from a multi-country study in Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. PLOS ONE, 11, e0147309. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampe, F. C., Harding, R., Smith, C. J., Phillips, A. N., Johnson, M., & Sherr, L. (2010). Physical and psychological symptoms and risk of virologic rebound among patients with virologic suppression on antiretroviral therapy. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 54, 500–505. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181ce6afe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, J. V., Safreed-Harmon, K., Barton, S. E., Costagliola, D., Dedes, N., Del Amo Valero, J., … Rockstroh, J. K. (2016). Beyond viral suppression of HIV - the new quality of life frontier. BMC Medicine, 14, 94. doi: 10.1186/s12916-016-0640-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, D. E., & Harding, R. (2005). An evaluation of a morphine public health programme for cancer and AIDS pain relief in Sub-Saharan Africa. BMC Public Health, 5, 82. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-5-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowther, K., Harding, R., Ahmed, A., Gikaara, N., Ali, Z., Kariuki, H., … Selman, L. (2016). Conducting experimental research in marginalised populations: Clinical and methodological implications from a mixed-methods randomised controlled trial in Kenya. AIDS Care, 28(Suppl 1), 60–63. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1146214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowther, K., Harding, R., Simms, V., Ahmed, A., Ali, Z., Gikaara, N., … Selman, L. E. (2018). Active ingredients of a person-centred intervention for people on HIV treatment: Analysis of mixed methods trial data. BMC Infectious Diseases, 18, 27. doi: 10.1186/s12879-017-2900-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowther, K., Harding, R., Simms, V., Gikaara, N., Ahmed, A., Ali, Z., … Selman, L. (2018). Effect of participation in a randomised controlled trial of an integrated palliative care intervention on HIV-associated stigma. AIDS Care, 30(9), 1180–1188. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1465176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowther, K., Selman, L., Harding, R., & Higginson, I. J. (2014). Experience of persistent psychological symptoms and perceived stigma among people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy (ART): A systematic review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 51, 1171–1189. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowther, K., Selman, L., Simms, V., Gikaara, N., Ahmed, A., Ali, Z., … Harding, R. (2015). Nurse-led palliative care for HIV-positive patients taking antiretroviral therapy in Kenya: A randomised controlled trial. The Lancet HIV, 2, e328–e334. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00111-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowther, K., Simms, V., Selman, L., Sherr, L., Gwyther, L., Kariuki, H., … Harding, R. (2012). Treatment outcomes in palliative care: The TOPCare study. A mixed methods phase III randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of a nurse-led palliative care intervention for HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy. BMC Infectious Diseases, 12, 288. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, K. S., Kerns, R. D., Rosenfeld, B., & Breitbart, W. (2000). HIV/AIDS-related pain as a chronic pain condition: Implications of a Biopsychosocial model for comprehensive assessment and effective management. Pain Medicine, 1, 260–273. doi: 10.1046/j.1526-4637.2000.00033.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, C., Pehrsson, P., Österberg, A., Sönnerborg, A., & Hansson, P. (1999). Pain in ambulatory HIV-infected patients with and without intravenous drug use. European Journal of Pain, 3, 157–164. doi: 10.1053/eujp.1999.0111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moens, K., Siegert, R. J., Taylor, S., Namisango, E., Harding, R., Encompass, & Euro, I. (2015). . Symptom clusters in people living with HIV attending five palliative care facilities in two Sub-Saharan African countries: A hierarchical cluster analysis. PLoS ONE, 10, e0126554. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mor, V., Laliberte, L., Morris, J. N., & Wiemann, M. (1984). The Karnofsky performance status scale. An examination of its reliability and validity in a research setting. Cancer, 53, 2002–2007. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19840501)53:9<2002::AID-CNCR2820530933>3.0.CO;2-W
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair, S. N., Mary, T. R., Prarthana, S., & Harrison, P. (2009). Prevalence of pain in patients with HIV/AIDS: A cross-sectional survey in a South Indian state. Indian Journal of Palliative Care, 15, 67–70. doi: 10.4103/0973-1075.53550
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Namisango, E., Harding, R., Atuhaire, L., Ddungu, H., Katabira, E., Muwanika, F. R., & Powell, R. A. (2012). Pain among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients: Multicenter study of prevalence, intensity, associated factors, and effect. The Journal of Pain, 13, 704–713. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2012.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namisango, E., Harding, R., Katabira, E. T., Siegert, R. J., Powell, R. A., Atuhaire, L., … Taylor, S. (2015). A novel symptom cluster analysis among ambulatory HIV/AIDS patients in Uganda. AIDS Care, 27, 954–963. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1020749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namisango, E., Powell, R. A., Atuhaire, L., Katabira, E. T., Mwangi-Powell, F., & Harding, R. (2014). Is symptom burden associated with treatment status and disease stage among adult HIV outpatients in East Africa? Journal of Palliative Medicine, 17, 304–312. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2013.0291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieves-Lugo, K., Del Rio-Gonzalez, A. M., Reisen, C., Poppen, P., Oursler, K. K., & Zea, M. C. (2017). Greater depressive symptoms and higher viral load are associated with poor physical function among Latino Men living with HIV. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 16, 30–36. doi: 10.1177/2325957416640363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nkhoma, K., Norton, C., Sabin, C., Winston, A., Merlin, J., & Harding, R. (2018). Self-management interventions for pain and physical symptoms among people living with HIV: A systematic review of the evidence. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 79, 206–225. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkhoma, K., Seymour, J., & Arthur, A. (2015). An educational intervention to reduce pain and improve pain management for Malawian people living with HIV/AIDS and their family carers: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 50, 80–90.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2015.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltzer, K., & Phaswana-Mafuya, N. (2008). The symptom experience of people living with HIV and AIDS in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. BMC Health Services Research, 8, 271. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-8-271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Péus, D., Newcomb, N., & Hofer, S. (2013). Appraisal of the Karnofsky Performance status and proposal of a simple algorithmic system for its evaluation. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 13, 72–72. doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-13-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, J., Hami, F., Bryan, T., & Quigley, C. (2003). Symptoms in 400 patients referred to palliative care services: Prevalence and patterns. Palliative Medicine, 17, 310. doi: 10.1191/0269216303pm760oa
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, B. A., Baeten, J. M., Kreiss, J. K., Lavreys, L., Panteleeff, D. D., Overbaugh, J., … Mandaliya, K. (2002). Virus load during primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Type 1 infection is related to the severity of acute HIV illness in Kenyan women. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 35, 77–81. doi: 10.1086/340862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. L., Heikes, B., Karim, R., Weber, K., Anastos, K., & Young, M. (2009). Experience of pain among women with advanced HIV disease. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 23(7), 503–511. doi: 10.1089/apc.2008.0128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart, W., McDonald, M. V., Passik, S. D., Thaler, H., & Portenoy, R. K. (1996). Pain in ambulatory AIDS patients. II: Impact of pain on psychological functioning and quality of life. Pain, 68, 323–328. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03220-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabin, C. A., Harding, R., Bagkeris, E., Nkhoma, K., Post, F. A., Sachikonye, M., … Winston, A. (2018). Pain in people living with HIV and its association with healthcare resource use, well being and functional status. Aids (London, England), 32, 2697–2706. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, L., Lampe, F., Norwood, S., Leake Date, H., Harding, R., Johnson, M., … Anderson, J. (2008). Adherence to antiretroviral treatment in patients with HIV in the UK: A study of complexity. AIDS Care, 20, 442–448. doi: 10.1080/09540120701867032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms, V., Gikaara, N., Munene, G., Atieno, M., Kataike, J., Nsubuga, C., … Harding, R. (2013). Multidimensional patient-reported problems within two weeks of HIV diagnosis in East Africa: A multicentre observational study. PLoS One, 8, e57203. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simms, V., Higginson, I., & Harding, R. (2011). What palliative care-related problems do patients experience at HIV diagnosis? A systematic review of the evidence. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 42, 734–753. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, A. W., Weiser, S. D., & Mccoy, S. I. (2015). Does food insecurity undermine adherence to antiretroviral therapy? A systematic review. AIDS and Behavior, 19, 1510–1526. doi: 10.1007/s10461-014-0873-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solano, J., Gomes, B., & Higginson, I. (2006). A comparison of symptom prevalence in far advanced cancer, AIDS, heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and renal disease. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 31, 58–69. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2005.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statacorp. (2015). Stata Statistical Software. Release 14 ed. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
   Google Scholar
• Vogl, D., Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart, W., Thaler, H., Passik, S., McDonald, M., & Portenoy, R. K. (1999). Symptom prevalence, characteristics, and distress in AIDS outpatients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 18, 253–262. doi: 10.1016/S0885-3924(99)00066-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakeham, K., Harding, R., Bamukama-Namakoola, D., Levin, J., Kissa, J., Parkes-Ratanshi, R., … Lalloo, D. G. (2010). Symptom burden in HIV-infected adults at time of HIV diagnosis in rural Uganda. Journal of Palliative Medicine, 13, 375–380. doi: 10.1089/jpm.2009.0259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakeham, K., Harding, R., Levin, J., Parkes-Ratanshi, R., Kamali, A., & Lalloo, D. G. (2018). The impact of antiretroviral therapy on symptom burden among HIV outpatients with low CD4 count in rural Uganda: Nested longitudinal cohort study. BMC Palliative Care, 17, 8. doi: 10.1186/s12904-017-0215-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (2011). Palliative care. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/palliative/PalliativeCare/en/
   Google Scholar
• WHO/UNAIDS. (2015). Global AIDS response progress reporting 2015. Retrieved from http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/JC2702_GARPR2015guidelines_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Willard, S., Holzemer, W. L., Wantland, D. J., Cuca, Y. P., Kirksey, K. M., Portillo, C. J., … Lindgren, T. (2009). Does “asymptomatic” mean without symptoms for those living with HIV infection? AIDS Care, 21, 322–328. doi: 10.1080/09540120802183511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar