Association between cognitive reserve and cognitive performance in people with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis

References

• Alvarez-Tostado, P., Inozemtseva, O., Aguiñiga, M. A., López, E., & Matute, E. (2016). The relationship between cognitive reserve and the clinical stage of HIV infection. Aids Care, 28(5), 633–638. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1124985
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barulli, D., & Stern, Y. (2013). Efficiency, capacity, compensation, maintenance, plasticity: Emerging concepts in cognitive reserve. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(10), 502–509. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basso, M., & Bornstein, R. (2000). Estimated premorbid intelligence mediates neurobehavioral change in individuals infected with hiv across 12 months. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22(2), 208–218. doi: 10.1076/1380-3395(200004)22:2;1-1;FT208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict, R., Morrow, S., Weinstock, G., Cookfair, D., & Schretlen, D. (2010). Cognitive reserve moderates decline in information processing speed in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 829–835. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710000688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009). Introduction to metaanalysis. West Sussex: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng, S.-T. (2016). Cognitive reserve and the prevention of dementia: The role of physical and cognitive activities. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), 85. doi: 10.1007/s11920-016-0721-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, H., Anstey, K. J., Parslow, R. A., Maller, J., Mackinnon, A., & Sachdev, P. (2007). The brain reserve hypothesis, brain atrophy and aging. Gerontology, 53(2), 82–95. doi: 10.1159/000096482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clare, L., Wu, Y.-T., Teale, J. C., MacLeod, C., Matthews, F., Brayne, C., … CFAS-Wales Study Team. (2017). Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors, cognitive reserve, and cognitive function in later life: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Medicine, 14(3), e1002259. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran, W. G. (1954). The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics, 10, 101–129. doi: 10.2307/3001666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cody, S., & Vance, D. (2016). The neurobiology of HIV and its impact on cognitive reserve: A review of cognitive interventions for an aging population. Neurobiology of Disease, 92, 144–156. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cysique, L. A., Vaida, F., Letendre, S., Gibson, S., Cherner, M., Woods, S. P., … Ellis, R. J. (2009). Dynamics of cognitive change in impaired HIV-positive patients initiating antiretroviral therapy. Neurology, 73(5), 342–348. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ab2b3b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Aniello, G. E., Castelnuovo, G., & Scarpina, F. (2015). Could cognitive estimation ability be a measure of cognitive reserve? Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 608. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downes, M. J., Brennan, M. L., Williams, H. C., & Dean, R. S. (2016). Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open, 6, e011458. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazeli, P. L., Woods, S. P., Heaton, R. K., Umlauf, A., Gouaux, B., Rosario, D., … The HNRP Group. (2014). An active lifestyle is associated with better neurocognitive functioning in adults living with HIV infection. Journal of Neurovirology, 20(3), 233–242. doi: 10.1007/s13365-014-0240-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, J. M., Ettenhofer, M. L., Kim, M. S., Behdin, N., Castellon, S. A., & Hinkin, C. H. (2012). Cognitive reserve as a protective factor in older HIV-positive patients at risk for cognitive decline. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 19(1), 16–25. doi: 10.1080/09084282.2011.595601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman, H. (1968). Magnitude of experimental effect and a table for its rapid estimation. Psychological Bulletin, 70(4), 245–251. doi: 10.1037/h0026258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagnier, J. J., Moher, D., Boon, H., Beyene, J., & Bombardier, C. (2012). Investigating clinical heterogeneity in systematic reviews: A methodologic review of guidance in the literature. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12, 111. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R., Clifford, D., Franklin, D., Woods, S., Ake, C., Vaida, F., … CHARTER Group. (2010). HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: Charter study. Neurology, 75(23), 2087–2096. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R., Grant, I., Butters, N., White, D., Kirson, D., Atkinson, J., … Abramson, I. (1995). The HNRC 500-neuropsychology of HIV infection at different disease stages. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 1(03), 231–231. doi:10.1017/S135561770000023 doi: 10.1017/S1355617700000230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedges, L., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J., & Thompson, S. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558. doi: 10.1002/sim.1186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J., Rovers, M., & Goeman, J. (2016). Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 6(7), e010247. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, R., Nwanyanwu, O., Selik, R., & Stehr-Green, J. (1992). Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy in the United States. Neurology, 42(8), 1472–1476. doi: 10.1212/WNL.42.8.1472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R. N., Manly, J., Glymour, M. M., Rentz, D. M., Jefferson, A. L., & Stern, Y. (2011). Conceptual and measurement challenges in research on cognitive reserve. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 593–601. doi: 10.1017/S1355617710001748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jüni, P., Holenstein, F., Sterne, J., Bartlett, C., & Egger, M. (2002). Direction and impact of language bias in meta-analyses of controlled trials: Empirical study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 31(1), 115–123. doi: 10.1093/ije/31.1.115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kesler, S., Adams, H., Blasey, C., & Bigler, E. (2003). Premorbid intellectual functioning, education, and brain size in traumatic brain injury: An investigation of the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Applied Neuropsychology, 10(3), 153–162. doi: 10.1207/S15324826AN1003_04
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanini, B., Ciccarelli, N., Fabbiani, M., Limiti, S., Grima, P., Rossetti, B., … Di, G. S. (2016). Cognitive reserve and neuropsychological functioning in older HIV-infected people. Journal of Neurovirology, 22(5), 575–583. doi: 10.1007/s13365-016-0426-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, E. E., Woods, S. P., Smith, C., Weber, E., Scott, J. C., Grant, I., & HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program (HNRP) Group. (2012). Lower cognitive reserve among individuals with syndromic HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Aids and Behavior, 16(8), 2279–2285. doi: 10.1007/s10461-012-0229-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci, M., Mapelli, D., & Mondini, S. (2012). Cognitive reserve index questionnaire (CRIQ): A new instrument for measuring cognitive reserve. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(3), 218–226. doi: 10.3275/7800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Connor, A., & Sargeant, J. (2014). Meta-analyses including data from observational studies. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 113(3), 313–322. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.10.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opdebeeck, C., Martyr, A., & Clare, L. (2016). Cognitive reserve and cognitive function in healthy older people: A meta-analysis. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 23(1), 40–60. doi: 10.1080/13825585.2015.1041450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, S. M., Thames, A. D., Arbid, N., Panos, S. E., Castellon, S., & Hinkin, C. H. (2013). The aggregate effects of multiple comorbid risk factors on cognition among HIV-infected individuals. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 35(4), 421–434. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2013.783000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereda, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J. L., Gómez, D. B. A., Echevarria, S., Farinas, M. C., García, P. D., … Vázquez-Barquero, J. L. (2000). Factors associated with neuropsychological performance in HIV-seropositive subjects without AIDS. Psychological Medicine, 30(1), 205–217. doi: 10.1017/S0033291799001348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, B. R., Mungas, D., Farias, S. T., Harvey, D., Beckett, L., Widaman, K., … DeCarli, C. (2010). Measuring cognitive reserve based on the decomposition of episodic memory variance. Brain, 133(Pt. 8), 2196–2209. doi: 10.1093/brain/awq154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robertson, K., Smurzynski, M., Parsons, T., Wu, K., Bosch, R., Wu, J., … Ellis, R. (2007). The prevalence and incidence of neurocognitive impairment in the HAART era. Aids (london, England), 21(14), 1915–1921. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32828e4e27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R., & Cochrane Consumers and Communication Review Group. (2016). Cochrane consumers and communication group: Meta-analysis. Retrieved from http://cccrg.cochrane.org
   Google Scholar
• Sacktor, N., Lyles, R., Skolasky, R., Kleeberger, C., Selnes, O., Miller, E., … Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. (2001). HIV-associated neurologic disease incidence changes: Multicenter AIDS cohort study, 1990–1998. Neurology, 56(2), 257–260. doi: 10.1212/WNL.56.2.257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satz, P., Cole, M., Hardy, D., & Rassovsky, Y. (2011). Brain and cognitive reserve: Mediator(s) and construct validity, a critique. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(1), 121–130. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2010.493151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarmeas, N., Zarahn, E., Anderson, K. E., Habeck, C. G., Hilton, J., Flynn, J., … Stern, Y. (2003). Association of life activities with cerebral blood flow in Alzheimer disease: Implications for the cognitive reserve hypothesis. Archives of Neurology, 60(3), 359–365. doi: 10.1001/archneur.60.3.359
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sedgwick, P. (2015). What is publication bias in a meta-analysis? BMJ, 351, h4419. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h4419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shakeel, M. K., & Goghari, V. M. (2017). Measuring fluid Intelligence in healthy older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2017, 1. doi: 10.1155/2017/8514582
   Google Scholar
• Stern, Y. (2009). Cognitive reserve. Neuropsychologia, 47(10), 2015–2028. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, Y. (2013). Cognitive reserve: Implications for assessment and intervention. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 65, 49–54. doi: 10.1159/000353443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, Y., Arenaza-Urquijo, E., Bartrés-Faz, D., Belleville, S., Cantilon, M., Chetelat, G., … Reserve, Resilience and Protective Factors PIA Empirical Definitions and Conceptual Frameworks Workgroup. (2018). Whitepaper: Defining and investigating cognitive reserve, brain reserve, and brain maintenance. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.07.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, R. A., Silva, S. G., Chaisson, N., & Evans, D. L. (1996). Influence of cognitive reserve on neuropsychological functioning in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Archives of Neurology, 53(2), 148–153. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1996.00550020052015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stroup, D. F., Berlin, J. A., Morton, S. C., Olkin, I., Williamson, G. D., Rennie, D., … Thacker, S. B. (2000). Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) group. Jama, 283(15), 2008–2012. doi: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka, S., & Kawakami, K. (2015). Methodological issues in observational studies and non-randomized controlled trials in oncology in the era of big data. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 45(4), 323–327. doi: 10.1093/jjco/hyu220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalheimer, W., & Cook, S. (2002). How to calculate effect sizes from published research articles: A simplified methodology. Retrieved from http://work-learning.com/effect_sizes.htm
   Google Scholar
• Thames, A., Kim, M., Becker, B., Foley, J., Hines, L., Singer, E., … Hinkin, C. (2011). Medication and finance management among HIV-infected adults: The impact of age and cognition. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 33(2), 200–209. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2010.499357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, A. M., & Stern, Y. (2011). Cognitive reserve in aging. Current Alzheimer Research, 8(4), 354–360. doi: 10.2174/156720511795745320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umarova, R. (2017). Adapting the concepts of brain and cognitive reserve to post-stroke cognitive deficits: Implications for understanding neglect. Cortex, 97, 327–338. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, M., & Sachdev, P. (2007). Assessment of complex mental activity across the lifespan: Development of the lifetime of experiences questionnaire (LEQ). Psychological Medicine, 37(7), 1015–1025. doi: 10.1017/S003329170600938X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, D. (2013b). Prevention, rehabilitation, and mitigation strategies of cognitive deficits in aging with HIV: Implications for practice and research. ISRN Nursing, 2013, 1. doi: 10.1155/2013/297173
   Google Scholar
• Vance, D., Cody, S., Nicholson, W., McManus, B., Stavrinos, D., Hoenig, A., & Fazeli, P. (2016). The neuroprotective influence of employment on cognitive reserve: Implications for an aging HIV population. Journal of Hiv/Aids & Social Services, 15(3), 284–298. doi: 10.1080/15381501.2016.1165159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance, D. E., Fazeli, P. L., Grant, J. S., Slater, L. Z., & Raper, J. L. (2013a). The role of neuroplasticity and cognitive reserve in aging with HIV: Recommendations for protection and rehabilitation. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 45(5), 306–316. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0b013e31829d8b29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vázquez-Justo, E., Blanco, A. P., Vergara-Moragues, E., Gestoso, C. G., & Pérez-García, M. (2014). Cognitive reserve during neuropsychological performance in HIV intravenous drug users. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 21(4), 288–296. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2013.813852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48. doi: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., MacDonald, S., Dekhtyar, S., & Fratiglioni, L. (2017). Association of lifelong exposure to cognitive reserve-enhancing factors with dementia risk: A community-based cohort study. Plos Medicine, 14(3), e1002251. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R., Barnes, L., & Bennett, D. (2003). Assessment of lifetime participation in cognitively stimulating activities. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 25(5), 634–642. doi: 10.1076/jcen.25.5.634.14572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, S. P., Moore, D. J., Weber, E., & Grant, I. (2009). Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 19(2), 152–168. doi: 10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, J. G. (2013). Identifying and measuring heterogeneity across the studies in meta-analysis. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 38(7), 1449–1450. doi: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2013.05.020
   PubMedGoogle Scholar