Loneliness among older adults living with HIV: the “older old” may be less lonely than the “younger old”

References

• Anderson, G. O. (2010). Loneliness among older adults: A national survey of adults 45 + . AARP. doi: 10.26419/res.00064.001
   Google Scholar
• Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 518–529. doi: 10.1002/nur.10011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, G., Mikołajczak, G., Lyons, A., Power, J., Drummond, F., Cogle, A., … O’Connor, S. (2018). Development and validation of PozQoL: A scale to assess quality of life of PLHIV. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 527. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-5433-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cella, D. F., McCain, N. L., Peterman, A. H., Mo, F., & Wolen, D. (1996). Development and validation of the Functional Assessment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (FAHI) quality of life instrument. Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation, 5(4), 450–463. doi: 10.1007/BF00449920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018), August 2. HIV Surveillance Reports—2016 Edition, Volume 28: Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2016. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html
   Google Scholar
• Dawson, D. A., Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., & Zhou, Y. (2005). Effectiveness of the derived Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) in screening for alcohol use disorders and risk drinking in the US general population. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(5), 844–854. doi: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000164374.32229.A2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman, E. J., Gordon, K. S., Glover, J., McNicholl, I. R., Fiellin, D. A., & Justice, A. C. (2013). The next therapeutic challenge in HIV: Polypharmacy. Drugs & Aging, 30(8), 613–628. doi: 10.1007/s40266-013-0093-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emlet, C. A., Tozay, S., & Raveis, V. H. (2011). “I’m not going to die from the AIDS”: resilience in aging with HIV disease. The Gerontologist, 51(1), 101–111. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnq060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erenrich, R., Seidel, L., Brennan-Ing, M., & Karpiak, S. (2018). HIV & Aging in San Francisco: Findings from the Research on older adults with HIV 2.0 San Francisco study. Retrieved from http://gmhc.org/files/ROAH_2.0_San%20Francisco_ACRIA_HIV_Aging_White_Paper_FINAL.PDF
   Google Scholar
• Fekete, E. M., Williams, S. L., & Skinta, M. D. (2018). Internalised HIV-stigma, loneliness, depressive symptoms and sleep quality in people living with HIV. Psychology & Health, 33(3), 398–415. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1357816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2014). Promoting health equity among LGBT Mid-life and older adults. Generations (San Francisco, Calif.), 38(4), 86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan, F. H., Bing, E. G., Fleishman, J. A., London, A. S., Caetano, R., Burnam, M. A., … Shapiro, M. (2002). The prevalence of alcohol consumption and heavy drinking among people with HIV in the United States: Results from the HIV cost and services utilization study. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63(2), 179–186. doi: 10.15288/jsa.2002.63.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, M., Covinsky, K. E., Valcour, V., Miao, Y., Madamba, J., Lampiris, H., … Deeks, S. G. (2015). Geriatric syndromes in older HIV-infected adults. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 69(2), 161–167. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, M., Hessol, N. A., Perissinotto, C., Zepf, R., Hutton Parrott, A., Foreman, C., … John, M. (2018). Loneliness in older adults living with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 22(5), 1475–1484. doi: 10.1007/s10461-017-1985-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, M., Justice, A. C., Lampiris, H. W., & Valcour, V. (2013). Management of human immunodeficiency virus infection in advanced age. JAMA, 309(13), 1397–1405. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.2963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenland, S. (1989). Modeling and variable selection in epidemiologic analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 79(3), 340–349. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.79.3.340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkley, L. C., Masi, C. M., Berry, J. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2006). Loneliness is a unique predictor of age-related differences in systolic blood pressure. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 152–164. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne, G. (2006). Measuring social isolation in older adults: Development and initial validation of the friendship scale. Social Indicators Research, 77(3), 521–548. doi: 10.1007/s11205-005-7746-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIV.gov. (2018). HIV Basics—Overview: Data & Trends: U.S. Statistics. Retrieved from HIV.gov website: https://www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics
   Google Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for mortality: A meta-analytic review. Perspectives on Psychological Science: A Journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 10(2), doi: 10.1177/1745691614568352
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010). Social relationships and mortality risk: A meta-analytic review. PLOS Medicine, 7(7), doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. doi: 10.1177/0164027504268574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. S., Kochman, A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2002). Internalized stigma among people living with HIV-AIDS. AIDS and Behavior, 6(4), 309–319. doi: 10.1023/A:1021144511957
   Google Scholar
• Löwe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., … Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the patient health questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1–2), 86–95. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.06.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OAR Working Group on HIV and Aging. (2012). HIV and aging: State of knowledge and areas of critical need for research. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes (1999), 60(Suppl 1), S1–18. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31825a3668
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perissinotto, C. M., Cenzer, I. S., & Covinsky, K. E. (2012). Loneliness in older persons: A predictor of functional decline and death. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(14), 1078–1084. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seo, Y., Yates, B., Dizona, P., Laframboise, L., & Norman, J. (2014). Predictors of cognitive/affective and somatic depression in heart failure patients. Clinical Nursing Research, 23(3), 259–280. doi: 10.1177/1054773812473476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serovich, J. M., Grafsky, E. L., & Craft, S. M. (2011). Does family matter to HIV-positive men who have sex with men? Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37(3), 290–298. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00177.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, M. J., Theeke, L., Culp, S., Clark, K., & Pinto, S. (2014). Psychosocial variables and self-rated health in young adult obese women. Applied Nursing Research, 27(1), 67–71. doi: 10.1016/j.apnr.2013.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon, P., Letts, L., O’Brien, K. K., Nixon, S., Baxter, L., & Gervais, N. (2018). ‘I’m still here, I’m still alive’: Understanding successful aging in the context of HIV. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 29(2), 172–177. doi: 10.1177/0956462417721439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 5797–5801. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1219686110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrence Higgins Trust. (2017), January. Uncharted Territory: A report into the first generation growing older with HIV.
   Google Scholar
• Theeke, L. A. (2009). Predictors of loneliness in U.S. Adults over age sixty-five. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 23(5), 387–396. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2008.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeke, L., Horstman, P., Mallow, J., Lucke-Wold, N., Culp, S., Domico, J., & Barr, T. (2014). Quality of life and loneliness in stroke survivors living in Appalachia. Journal of Neuroscience Nursing, 46(6), E3–E15. doi: 10.1097/JNN.0000000000000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, N. C. W., Wyatt, M. A., & Tugenberg, T. (2006). Social relationships, stigma and adherence to antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care, 18(8), 904–910. doi: 10.1080/09540120500330554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webel, A. R., Longenecker, C. T., Gripshover, B., Hanson, J. E., Schmotzer, B. J., & Salata, R. A. (2014). Age, stress, and isolation in older adults living with HIV. AIDS Care, 26(5), 523–531. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2013.845288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whisman, M. A. (2010). Loneliness and the metabolic syndrome in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older adults. Health Psychology, 29(5), 550–554. doi: 10.1037/a0020760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, E. C., Hahn, J. A., Saitz, R., Bryant, K., Lira, M. C., & Samet, J. H. (2016). Alcohol Use and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection: Current knowledge, implications, and future directions. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 40(10), 2056–2072. doi: 10.1111/acer.13204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., & Yu, K. F. (1998). What’s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes. JAMA, 280(19), 1690–1691. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.19.1690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar