Five-year survival analysis and predictors of death in HIV-positive serology patients attending the Military Hospital of Nampula, Mozambique

References

• Abd ElHafeez, S., Torino, C., D'Arrigo, G., Bolignano, D., Provenzano, F., Mattace-Raso, F., & Tripepi, G. (2012). An overview on standard statistical methods for assessing exposure-outcome link in survival analysis (part II): the Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox regression method. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 24(3), 203–206. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114547 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325249
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albuquerque, M. F., Alves, D. N., Bresani Salvi, C. C., Batista, J. D., Ximenes, R. A., Miranda-Filho, D. B., & Montarroyos, U. R. (2017). Predictors of immunodeficiency-related death in a cohort of low-income people living with HIV: A competing risks survival analysis. Epidemiology and Infection, 145(5), 914–924. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28065185 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268816003149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amanzi, P., Michelo, C., Simoonga, C., Dambe, R., & Chongwe, G. (2016). Survival of people on antiretroviral treatment in Zambia: A retrospective cohort analysis of HIV clients on ART. Pan African Medical Journal, 24, 144. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27642482 https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.24.144.6004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin, P. C. (2017). A tutorial on multilevel survival analysis: Methods, models and applications. International Statistical Review, 85(2), 185–203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29307954 https://doi.org/10.1111/insr.12214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bisson, G. P., Ramchandani, R., Miyahara, S., Mngqibisa, R., Matoga, M., Ngongondo, M., Samaneka, W., Koech, L., Naidoo, K., Rassool, M., Kirui, F., Banda, P., Mave, V., Kadam, D., Leger, P., Henostroza, G., Manabe, Y. C., Bao, J., Kumwenda, J., … Hosseinipour, M. C., for the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5274 (REMEMBER) Study Team. (2017). Risk factors for early mortality on antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV-infected adults. AIDS (London, England), 31(16), 2217–2225. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000001606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1998). Survival probabilities (the Kaplan–Meier method). BMJ, 317(7172), 1572. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9836663 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7172.1572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins, M., José, E., Bilhete, F. R., Vaz, L. M., Shepherd, B. E., Audet, C. M., Vermund, S. H., & Moon, T. D. (2015). Two-year death and loss to follow-up outcomes by source of referral to HIV care for HIV-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in rural Mozambique. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 31(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1089/aid.2014.0007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celesia, B. M., Castronuovo, D., Pinzone, M. R., Bellissimo, F., Mughini, M. T., Lupo, G., Scarpino, M. R., Gussio, M., Palermo, F., Cosentino, S., Cacopardo, B., & Nunnari, G. (2013). Late presentation of HIV infection: Predictors of delayed diagnosis and survival in Eastern Sicily. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17(16), 2218–2224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23893189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, T., Bradburn, M., Love, S., & Altman, D. (2003). Survival analysis part IV: Further concepts and methods in survival analysis. British Journal of Cancer, 89(5), 781. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuong do, D., Thorson, A., Sonnerborg, A., Hoa, N. P., Chuc, N. T., Phuc, H. D., & Larsson, M. (2012). Survival and causes of death among HIV-infected patients starting antiretroviral therapy in north-eastern Vietnam. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 44(3), 201–208. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22122590 https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2011.631937
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Damtew, B., Mengistie, B., & Alemayehu, T. (2015). Survival and determinants of mortality in adult HIV/AIDS patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia. Pan African Medical Journal, 22, 138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26889319 https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2015.22.138.4352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Detels, R. (2001). The role of epidemiology in challenging the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Journal of Epidemiology, 11(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.11.95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox, M. P., Rosen, S., Geldsetzer, P., Bärnighausen, T., Negussie, E., & Beanland, R. (2016). Interventions to improve the rate or timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy for HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: Meta-analyses of effectiveness. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(1), 20888. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.19.1.20888
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fregonese, F., Collins, I. J., Jourdain, G., Lecoeur, S., Cressey, T. R., Ngo-Giang-Houng, N., Banchongkit, S., Chutanunta, A., Techapornroong, M., Lallemant, M., & Program for HIV Prevention and Treatment Study Group. (2012). Predictors of 5-year mortality in HIV-infected adults starting highly active antiretroviral therapy in Thailand. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 60(1), 91–98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22293548 https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31824bd33f
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, B., Seals, S., & Aban, I. (2014). Survival analysis and regression models. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology, 21(4), 686–694. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24810431 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-014-9908-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel, M. K., Khanna, P., & Kishore, J. (2010). Understanding survival analysis: Kaplan–Meier estimate. International Journal of Ayurveda Research, 1(4), 274. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.76794
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham, S. M., Micheni, M., Secor, A., van der Elst, E. M., Kombo, B., Operario, D., Amico, K. R., Sanders, E. J., & Simoni, J. M. (2018). HIV care engagement and ART adherence among Kenyan gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men: A multi-level model informed by qualitative research. AIDS Care, 30(sup5), S97–S105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30668136 https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2018.1515471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadland, S. E., Milloy, M. J., Kerr, T., Zhang, R., Guillemi, S., Hogg, R. S., Montaner, J. S., & Wood, E. (2012). Young age predicts poor antiretroviral adherence and viral load suppression among injection drug users. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 26(5), 274–280. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22429003 https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2011.0196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HIV, g. Global Statistics. Retrieved Accessed, 2019 .
   Google Scholar
• Jerome, C. S., Agonnoude, M., Sopoh, G. E., Bah-Chabi, A. I., de Souza, A., Bachabi, M., & Ouedraogo, L. (2017). Sociodemographic, lifestyle and therapeutic predictors of 2-year survival in HIV-infected persons receiving antiretroviral therapy in Benin. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 8(1), 651. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29071057 https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, J., Sullivan, P. S., & Curran, J. W. (2019). Progress in the HIV epidemic: Identifying goals and measuring success. PLoS Medicine, 16(1), e1002729. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, S.-H., Lee, H. Y., & Chow, S.-C. (2018). Statistical methods for conditional survival analysis. Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics, 28(5), 927–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/10543406.2017.1405012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, I. T., & Siedner, M. J. (2015). Does early ART in sub-Saharan Africa decrease mortality? The Lancet HIV, 2(9), e354–e355. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00130-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharsany, A. B., & Karim, Q. A. (2016). HIV infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current status, challenges and opportunities. The Open AIDS Journal, 10(1), pp. 34-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27347270 https://doi.org/10.2174/1874613601610010034
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korenromp, E. L., Gobet, B., Fazito, E., Lara, J., Bollinger, L., & Stover, J. (2015). Impact and cost of the HIV/AIDS national strategic plan for Mozambique, 2015-2019—Projections with the spectrum/goals model. PLoS One, 10(11), e0142908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachin, J. M., & Foulkes, M. A. (1986). Evaluation of sample size and power for analyses of survival with allowance for nonuniform patient entry, losses to follow-up, noncompliance, and stratification. Biometrics, 507–519. https://doi.org/10.2307/2531201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, A., Cheyip, M., Tesfay, A., Vranken, P., Fomundam, H., Wutoh, A., & Aynalem, G. (2019). Timing and predictors of initiation on antiretroviral therapy among newly-diagnosed HIV-infected persons in South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 23(2), 375–385. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30008050 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2222-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo, M. C., Mesquita, F. C., Barros, M. B. A., La-Rotta, E. I. G., & Donalisio, M. R. (2019). Survival of patients with AIDS and association with level of education level and race/skin color in South and Southeast Brazil: A cohort study, 1998–1999. Epidemiol Serv Saude, 28(1), e2018047. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30970069 https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742019000100012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengesha, S., Belayihun, B., & Kumie, A. (2014). Predictors of survival in HIV-infected patient after initiation of HAART in Zewditu Memorial Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014, 250913. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27351014 https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/250913
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moussa, M. A. (1988). Planning the size of survival time clinical trials with allowance for stratification. Statistics in Medicine, 7(5), 559–569. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780070503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nash, D., Yotebieng, M., & Sohn, A. H. (2018). Treating all people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: A new era calling for new approaches. Journal of Virus Eradication, 4(Suppl 2), 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penedo, F. J., Gonzalez, J. S., Dahn, J. R., Antoni, M., Malow, R., Costa, P., & Schneiderman, N. (2003). Personality, quality of life and HAART adherence among men and women living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 54(3), 271–278. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12614837 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00482-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poorolajal, J., Hooshmand, E., Mahjub, H., Esmailnasab, N., & Jenabi, E. (2016). Survival rate of AIDS disease and mortality in HIV-infected patients: A meta-analysis. Public Health, 139, 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2016.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu, X., Gao, G., Fan, Y., & Wang, M. (2016). Parameter estimation in stratified cluster sampling under randomized response models for sensitive question survey. PLoS One, 11(2), e0148267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, T. C., & Samet, J. M. (2010). Epidemiologic approaches to global health. Epidemiologic Reviews, 32(1), 1–4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20581220 https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxq007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayegh, P., Thaler, N. S., Arentoft, A., Kuhn, T. P., Schonfeld, D., Castellon, S. A., Durvasula, R. S., Myers, H. F., Hinkin, C. H., & Duregger, C. (2016). Medication adherence in HIV-positive African Americans: The roles of age, health beliefs, and sensation seeking. Cogent Psychology, 3(1). http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29104879 https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2015.1137207
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schemper, M., Wakounig, S., & Heinze, G. (2009). The estimation of average hazard ratios by weighted Cox regression. Statistics in Medicine, 28(19), 2473–2489. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19472308 https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.3623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedner, M. J. (2019). Aging, health, and quality of life for older people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review and proposed conceptual framework. Journal of Aging and Health, 31(1), 109–138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28831864 https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264317724549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trickey, A., May, M. T., Vehreschild, J.-J., Obel, N., Gill, M. J., Crane, H. M., Boesecke, C., Patterson, S., Grabar, S., Cazanave, C., Cavassini, M., Shepherd, L., Monforte, A. d., van Sighem, A., Saag, M., Lampe, F., Hernando, V., Montero, M., Zangerle, R., … Sterne, J. A. C. (2017). Survival of HIV-positive patients starting antiretroviral therapy between 1996 and 2013: A collaborative analysis of cohort studies. The Lancet HIV, 4(8), e349–e356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(17)30066-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. UNAIDS-Mozambique. Retrieved 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Vrijens, B., De Geest, S., Hughes, D. A., Przemyslaw, K., Demonceau, J., Ruppar, T., Dobbels, F., Fargher, E., Morrison, V., Lewek, P., Matyjaszczyk, M., Mshelia, C., Clyne, W., Aronson, J. K., Urquhart, J., & ABC Project Team. (2012). A new taxonomy for describing and defining adherence to medications. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 73(5), 691–705. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22486599 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04167.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakounig, S., Heinze, G., & Schemper, M. (2015). Non-parametric estimation of relative risk in survival and associated tests. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 24(6), 856–870. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22167231 https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280211431022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. HIV/AIDS. Key facts. 15 November 2019. Available in: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hiv-aids/.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2009). Guidelines for HIV diagnosis and monitoring of antiretorviral therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Zürcher, K., Mooser, A., Anderegg, N., Tymejczyk, O., Couvillon, M. J., Nash, D., Egger, M., & IeDEA and MESH consortia. (2017). Outcomes of HIV-positive patients lost to follow-up in African treatment programmes. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 22(4), 375–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar