References
- Adimora, A. A., Ramirez, C., Benning, L., Greenblatt, R. M., Kempf, M. C., Tien, P. C., Kassaye, S. G., Anastos, K., Cohen, M., Minkoff, H., Wingood, G., Ofotokun, I., Fischl, M. A., & Gange, S. (2018). Cohort profile: The Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). International Journal of Epidemiology, 47(2), 393–394i. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyy021
- Bacon, M. C., von Wyl, V., Alden, C., Sharp, G., Robison, E., Hessol, N., Gange, S., Barranday, Y., Holman, S., Weber, K., & Young, M. A. (2005). The Women’s Interagency HIV Study: An observational cohort brings clinical sciences to the bench. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, 12(9), 1013–1019. https://doi.org/10.1128/CDLI.12.9.1013-1019.2005
- Barkan, S., Melnick, S., Preston-Martin, S., Weber, K., Kalish, L., Miotti, P., Young, M., Greenblatt, R., Sacks, H., & Feldman, J. (1998). The Women’s Interagency HIV Study. Epidemiology, 9(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001648-199803000-00004
- Brewer, R. A., Chrestman, S., Mukherjee, S., Mason, K. E., Dyer, T. V., Gamache, P., Moore, M., & Gruber, D. (2018). Exploring the correlates of linkage to HIV medical care among persons living with HIV infection (PLWH) in the Deep South: Results and lessons learned from the Louisiana positive charge initiative. AIDS and Behavior, 22(8), 2615–2626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2113-6
- Bunn, J. Y., Solomon, S. E., Miller, C., & Forehand, R. (2007). Measurement of stigma in people with HIV: A reexamination of the HIV stigma scale. AIDS Education and Prevention, 19(3), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2007.19.3.198
- Costelloe, S., Kemppainen, J., Brion, J., MacKain, S., Reid, P., Frampton, A., & Rigsbee, E. (2015). Impact of anxiety and depressive symptoms on perceptions of stigma in persons living with HIV disease in rural versus urban North Carolina. AIDS Care, 27(12), 1425–1428. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1114993
- Devins, G. M., & Orme, C. M. (1985). Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.), Test critiques (Vol. 2, pp. 144–159). Kansas City, MO: Test Corporation of America.
- Duke Center for Health Policy and Inequalities Research (CHPIR). (2011). Southern HIV/AIDS strategy initiative. HIV/AIDS epidemic in the South reaches crisis proportions in last decade. http://globalhealth.duke.edu/news/2011/ResearchReportFinal3-12.pdf
- Edun, B., Iyer, M., Albrecht, H., & Weissman, S. (2017). The South Carolina rural-urban HIV continuum of care. AIDS Care, 29(7), 817–822. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1270397
- Gonzalez, A., Miller, C. T., Solomon, S. E., Bunn, J. Y., & Cassidy, D. G. (2009). Size matters: Community size, HIV stigma, & gender differences. AIDS and Behavior, 13(6), 1205–1212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9465-2
- Hanna, D. B., Buchacz, K., Gebo, K. A., Hessol, N. A., Horberg, M. A., Jacobson, L. P., Kirk, G. D., Kitahata, M. M., Korthuis, P. T., Moore, R. D., Napravnik, S., Patel, P., Silverberg, M. J., Sterling, T. R., Willig, J. H., Lau, B., Althoff, K. N., Crane, H. M., Collier, A. C., … Mendes, A. (2013). Trends and disparities in antiretroviral therapy initiation and virologic suppression among newly treatment-eligible HIV-infected individuals in North America, 2001–2009. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 56(8), 1174–1182. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit003
- Heckman, T. G., Somlai, A. M., Kalichman, S. C., Franzoi, S. L., & Kelly, J. A. (1998). Psychosocial differences between urban and rural people living with HIV/AIDS. The Journal of Rural Health, 14(2), 138–145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.1998.tb00615.x
- Kalichman, S., Katner, H., Banas, E., & Kalichman, M. (2017). Population density and AIDS-related stigma in large-urban, small-urban, and rural communities of the Southeastern USA. Prevention Science, 18(5), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-017-0761-9
- Kempf, M.-C., McLeod, J., Boehme, A. K., Walcott, M. W., Wright, L., Seal, P., Norton, W. E., Schumacher, J. E., Mugavero, M., & Moneyham, L. (2010). A qualitative study of the barriers and facilitators to retention-in-care among HIV-positive women in the rural Southeastern United States: Implications for targeted interventions. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 24(8), 515–520. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2010.0065
- Konkle-Parker, D. J., Erlen, J. A., & Dubbert, P. M. (2007, November 8–11). HIV adherence barriers in a Southern minority population [Paper presentation]. Association of Nurses in AIDS Care Annual Conference, Orlando, FL.
- Lopes, B. L. W., Eron, J. J., Mugavero, M. J., Miller, W. C., & Napravnik, S. (2017). HIV care initiation delay among rural residents in the Southeastern United States, 1996 to 2012. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 76(2), 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001483
- Nelson, J. A., Kinder, A., Johnson, A. S., Hall, H. I., Hu, X., Sweet, D., Guido, A., Katner, H., Janelle, J., Gonzalez, M., Paz, N. M., Ledonne, C., Henry, J., Bramel, T., & Harris, J. (2018). Differences in selected HIV care continuum outcomes among people residing in rural, urban, and metropolitan areas-28 US jurisdictions. The Journal of Rural Health, 34(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12208.
- Nwangwu-Ike, N., Saduvala, N., Watson, M., Panneer, N., & Oster, A. M. (2019). HIV diagnoses and viral suppression among US women in rural and nonrural areas, 2010–2017. Journal of Rural Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12384.
- Ohl, M. E., Perencevich, E., McInnes, D. K., Kim, N., Rimland, D., Akgun, K., Fiellin, D. A., Skanderson, M., Wang, K., & Justice, A. (2013). Antiretroviral adherence among rural compared to urban veterans with HIV infection in the United States. AIDS and Behavior, 17(1), 174–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0325-8
- Ohl, M. E., Tate, J., Duggal, M., Skanderson, M., Scotch, M., Kaboli, P., Vaughan-Sarrazin, M., & Justice, A. (2010). Rural residence is associated with delayed care entry and increased mortality among veterans with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Medical Care, 48(12), 1064–1070. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181ef60c2
- Pathman, D. E., Ricketts, T. C., & Konrad, T. R. (2006). How adults’ access to outpatient physician services relates to the local supply of primary care physicians in the rural southeast. Health Services Research, 41(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00454.x
- Phillips, K. D., Moneyham, L., Thomas, S. P., Gunther, M., & Vyavaharkar, M. (2011). Social context of rural women with HIV/AIDS. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(6), 374–381. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2011.568273
- Reif, S., Geonnotti, K. L., & Whetten, K. (2006). HIV infection and AIDS in the Deep South. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 970–973. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.063149
- Reif, S., Golin, C. E., & Smith, S. R. (2005). Barriers to accessing HIV/AIDS care in North Carolina: Rural and urban differences. AIDS Care, 17(5), 558–565. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120412331319750
- Reif, S., Pence, B. W., Hall, I., Hu, X., Whetten, K., & Wilson, E. (2015). HIV diagnoses, prevalence and outcomes in nine Southern states. Journal of Community Health, 40(4), 642–651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-014-9979-7
- Reif, S., Safley, D., McAllaster, C., Wilson, E., & Whetten, K. (2017). State of HIV in the US Deep South. Journal of Community Health, 42(5), 844–853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0325-8
- Reif, S., Whetten, K., Ostermann, J., & Raper, J. L. (2006). Characteristics of HIV-infected adults in the Deep South and their utilization of mental health services: A rural vs. urban comparison. AIDS Care, 18(Suppl. 1), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120600838738
- Schafer, K. R., Albrecht, H., Dillingham, R., Hogg, R. S., Jaworsky, D., Kasper, K., Loutfy, M., MacKenzie, L. J., McManus, K. A., Oursler, K. A. K., Rhodes, S. D., Samji, H., Skinner, S., Sun, C. J., Weissman, S., & Ohl, M. E. (2017). The continuum of HIV care in rural communities in the United States and Canada: What is known and future research directions. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 75(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001329.
- Sheehan, D. M., Fennie, K. P., Mauck, D. E., Maddox, L. M., Lieb, S., & Trepka, M. J. (2017). Retention in HIV care and viral suppression: Individual- and neighborhood-level predictors of racial/ethnic differences, Florida, 2015. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 31(4), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2016.0197
- Sherbourne, C., & Stewart, A. (1991). The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 32(6), 705–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B
- United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. (2018). Food insecurity survey tools. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/survey-tools/#youth
- Uphold, C. R., Rane, D., Reid, K., & Tomar, S. L. (2005). Mental health differences between rural and urban men living with HIV infection in various age groups. Journal of Community Health, 30(5), 355–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-005-5517-y
- U.S. Census Bureau. P2. Urban and rural, census 2010. https://www.socialexplorer.com/data/ACS2014_5 yr/metadata/?ds=SE&table=T002
- U.S. Census Bureau. T2. Population density (Per Sq. Mile), ACS 2014 (5-Year Estimates). https://www.socialexplorer.com/data/ACS2014_5 yr/metadata/?ds=SE&table=T002
- U.S. Census Bureau. (2008). A compass for understanding and using American Community Survey data: What general data users need to know. U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Vyavaharkar, M., Moneyham, L., Tavakoli, A., Phillips, K. D., Murdaugh, C., Jackson, K., & Meding, G. (2007). Social support, coping, and medication adherence among HIV-positive women with depression living in rural areas of the southeastern United States. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 21(9), 667–680. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2006.0131
- Weiss, B. D., Mays, M. Z., Martz, W., Castro, K. M., DeWalt, D. A., Pignone, M. P., Mockbee, J., & Hale, F. A. (2005). Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: The newest vital sign. The Annals of Family Medicine, 3(6), 514–522. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.405
- Weissman, S., Duffus, W. A., Iyer, M., Chakraborty, H., Samantapudi, A. V., & Albrecht, H. (2015). Rural-urban differences in HIV viral loads and progression to AIDS among new HIV cases. Southern Medical Journal, 108(3), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.14423/SMJ.0000000000000255
- Williams, B., Amico, K. R., & Konkle-Parker, D. J. (2011). Qualitative assessment of barriers and facilitators to HIV treatment. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 22(4), 307–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2010.11.001
- Wilson, L. E., Korthuis, T., Fleishman, J. A., Conviser, R., Lawrence, P. B., Moore, R. D., & Gebo, K. A. (2011). HIV-related medical service use by rural/urban residents: A multistate perspective. AIDS Care, 23(8), 971–979. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.543878
- WWAMI Rural Health Research Center. Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes (RUCAs). http://www.depts.washington.edu/uwruca/index.php
- Yabroff, K. R., Lawrence, W. F., King, J. C., Mangan, P., Washington, K. S., Yi, B., & Mandelblatt, J. S. (2005). Geographic disparities in cervical cancer mortality: What are the roles of risk factor prevalence, screening, and use of recommended treatment? The Journal of Rural Health, 21(2), 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2005.tb00075.x.