References
- Andersen, R. M. (1968). Families use of health services: A behavioral model of predisposing, enabling, and need components. Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago.
- Arnold, E. A., Rebchook, G. M., & Kegeles, S. M. (2014). “Triply cursed”: racism, homophobia and HIV-related stigma are barriers to regular HIV testing, treatment adherence and disclosure among young Black gay men. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(6), 710–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.905706
- Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181
- Babor, T. F., McRee, B. G., Kassebaum, P. A., Grimaldi, P. L., Ahmed, K., & Bray, J. (2007). Screening, Brief intervention, and Referral to treatment (SBIRT): toward a public health approach to the management of substance abuse. Substance Abuse, 28(3), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.1300/J465v28n03_03
- Bohl, D. D., Raymond, H. F., Arnold, M., & McFarland, W. (2009). Concurrent sexual partnerships and racial disparities in HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 85(5), 367–369. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.036723
- Card, K. G., Armstrong, H. L., Carter, A., Cui, Z., Wang, L., Zhu, J., Lachowsky, N. J., Moore, D. M., Hogg, R. S., & Roth, E. A. (2018). A latent class analysis of substance use and culture among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(12), 1424–1439. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2018.1439186
- Carter, A., Lachowsky, N., Forrest, J., Zishan, C., Sereda, P., Kaida, A., Armstrong, H. L., Card, K. G., Montaner, J. S., Moore, D., Roth, E. A., & Hogg, R. (2017). A latent class analysis of sexual and romantic relationships among HIV-positive and HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in Vancouver. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 26(2), 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0879-z doi: 10.3138/cjhs.262.A1
- Celeux, G., & Soromenho, G. (1996). An entropy criterion for assessing the number of clusters in a mixture model. Journal of Classification, 13, 195–212. doi: 10.1007/BF01246098
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). National health interview survey.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). US Public Health Service: Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States- 2017 Update: A clinical practice guideline. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/prep/cdc-hiv-prep-guidelines-2017.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). HIV Surveillance Report, 2017 (Vol. 29). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveil
- Chan, P. A., Rose, J., Maher, J., Benben, S., Pfeiffer, K., Almonte, A., Poceta, J., Oldenburg C. E., Parker, S., Marshall, B. D., Lally, M., Mayer, K., Mena, L., Patel, R., & Nunn, A. S. (2015). A latent class analysis of risk factors for acquiring HIV among men who have sex with men: Implications for implementing pre-exposure prophylaxis programs. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 29(11), 597–605. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2015.0113
- Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., Hakim, J. G., Kumwenda, J., Grinsztejn, B., Pilotto, J. H. S., Godbole, S. V., Mehendale, S., Chariyalertsak, S., Santos, B. R., Mayer, K. H., Hoffman, I. F., Eshleman, S. H., Piwowar-Manning, E., Wang, L., … Fleming, T. R. for the HPTN 052 Study Team. (2011). Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365(6), 493–505. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105243
- Dangerfield, D. T., 2nd, Craddock, J. B., Bruce, O. J., & Gilreath, T. D. (2017). HIV testing and health care utilization behaviors among men in the United States: A latent class analysis. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC, 28(3), 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jana.2017.02.001
- Dangerfield, D. T., 2nd, Harawa, N. T., Smith, L. R., Jeffries, W. L., 4th, Baezconde-Garbanati, L., & Bluthenthal, R. (2018a). Latent classes of sexual risk among black men who have sex with men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(7), 2071–2080. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1142-y
- Dangerfield, D. T., 2nd, Smith, L. R., Anderson, J. N., Bruce, O. J., Farley, J., & Bluthenthal, R. (2018b). Sexual positioning practices and sexual risk among black gay and bisexual men: A life course perspective. AIDS and Behavior, 22(6), 1919–1931. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1948-6
- Daughtridge, G. W., Conyngham, S. C., Ramirez, N., & Koenig, H. C. (2015). I am men’s health: Generating adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in young men of color who have sex with men. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 14(2), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325957414555230
- Fallon, S. A., Park, J. N., Ogbue, C. P., Flynn, C., & German, D. (2017). Awareness and acceptability of pre-exposure hiv prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Baltimore. AIDS and Behavior, 21(5), 1268–1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1619-z
- Gallagher, T., Link, L., Ramos, M., Bottger, E., Aberg, J., & Daskalakis, D. (2014). Self-perception of HIV risk and candidacy for pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men testing for HIV at commercial sex venues in New York City. LGBT Health, 1(3), 218–224. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0046
- Gelberg, L., Andersen, R. M., & Leake, B. D. (2000). Healthcare access and utilization the behavioral model for vulnerable populations : Application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people. Healthcare Access and Utilization, 34(6), 1273–1302.
- Hess, K. L., Hu, X., Lansky, A., Mermin, J., & Hall, H. I. (2017). Lifetime risk of a diagnosis of HIV infection in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology, 27(4), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.003
- Hickson, D. A., Truong, N. L., Smith-Bankhead, N., Sturdevant, N., Duncan, D. T., Schnorr, J., Gipson, J. A., & Mena, L. A. (2015). Rationale, design and methods of the ecological study of sexual behaviors and HIV/STI among African American men who have sex with men in the Southeastern United States (The MARI Study). PLoS ONE, 10(12), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143823
- Lanza, S., & Rhoades, B. L. (2011). Latent class analysis: An alternative perspective on subgroup analysis in prevention and treatment. Prevention Science, 14(2), 157–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-011-0201-1
- Marcus, J. L., Volk, J. E., Pinder, J., Liu, A. Y., Bacon, O., Hare, C. B., & Cohen, S. E. (2016). Successful implementation of HIV preexposure prophylaxis: Lessons learned from three clinical settings. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 13(2), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11904-016-0308-x
- Maulsby, C., Millett, G., Lindsey, K., Kelley, R., Johnson, K., Montoya, D., & Holtgrave, D. (2013). A systematic review of HIV interventions for black men who have sex with men (MSM). BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-625
- McCarty-Caplan, D., Jantz, I., & Swartz, J. (2014). MSM and drug use: A latent class analysis of drug use and related sexual risk behaviors. AIDS and Behavior, 18(7), 1339–1351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0622-x
- Millett, G. A., Peterson, J. L., Flores, S. A., Hart, T. A., Jeffries, W. L., 4th, Wilson, P. A., Rourke, S. B., Heilig, C. M., Elford, J., Fenton, K. A., Remis, R. S. (2012). Comparisons of disparities and risks of HIV infection in black and other men who have sex with men in Canada, UK, and USA: A meta-analysis. Lancet (London, England), 380(9839), 341–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60899-X
- Mizuno, Y., Higa, D. H., Leighton, C. A., Roland, K. B., Deluca, J. B., & Koenig, L. J. (2018). Is HIV patient navigation associated with HIV care continuum outcomes? Aids (London, England), 32(17), 2557–2571. doi:10.1097/QAD.0000000000001987. https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2018/11130/Is_HIV_patient_navigation_associated_with_HIV_care.13.aspx
- Muthen, L. K., & Muthen, B. O. (2011). Mplus User’s Guide. Muthen & Muthen.
- Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2013). Racial differences in same-race partnering and the effects of sexual partnership characteristics on HIV risk in MSM: A prospective sexual diary study. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 62(3), 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31827e5f8c
- Nylund, K., Asparouhov, T., & Muthen, B. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396
- Ober, A. J., Dangerfield, D. T., 2nd, Shoptaw, S., Ryan, G., Stucky, B., & Friedman, S. R. (2018). Using a “positive deviance” framework to discover adaptive risk reduction behaviors among high-risk HIV negative black men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 22(5), 1699–1712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1790-x
- Otis, J., McFadyen, A., Haig, T., Blais, M., Cox, J., Brenner, B., Rousseau, R., Émond, G., Wainberg, M., & Spot Study Group. (2016). Beyond condoms: Risk reduction strategies among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men receiving rapid HIV testing in Montreal, Canada. AIDS and Behavior, 20(12), 2812–2826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1344-7
- Parsons, J. T., John, S. A., Millar, B. M., & Starks, T. J. (2018). Testing the efficacy of combined motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral skills training to reduce methamphetamine use and improve HIV medication adherence among HIV-positive gay and bisexual men. AIDS and Behavior, 22(8), 2674–2686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2086-5
- Quinn, K., Bowleg, L., & Dickson-Gomez, J. (2019a). “The fear of being Black plus the fear of being gay”: The effects of intersectional stigma on PrEP use among young Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Social Science & Medicine, 232, 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.042
- Quinn, K., Dickson-Gomez, J., Zarwell, M., Pearson, B., & Lewis, M. (2019b). “A gay man and a doctor are just like, a recipe for destruction”: How racism and homonegativity in healthcare settings influence PrEP uptake among young black MSM. AIDS and Behavior, 23(7), 1951–1963. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2375-z
- Singh, S., Mitsch, A., & Wu, B. (2017). HIV care outcomes among men who have sex with men with diagnosed HIV infection – United States, 2015. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 66(37), 969–974. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6637a2
- Spinelli, M. A., Scott, H. M., Vittinghoff, E., Liu, A. Y., Morehead-Gee, A., Gonzalez, R., Gandhi, M., & Buchbinder, S. P. (2018). Brief report: A panel management and patient navigation intervention is associated With earlier PrEP initiation in a safety-net primary care health system. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 79(3), 347–351. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001828
- StataCorp. (2013). Stata statistical software. StataCorp LP.
- Sutton, M. Y., Lanier, Y. A., Willis, L. A., Castellanos, T., Dominguez, K., Fitzpatrick, L., & Miller, K. S. (2013). Strengthening the network of mentored, underrepresented minority scientists and leaders to reduce HIV-related health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(12), 2207–2214. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301345
- Tobin, K. E., Yang, C., King, K., Latkin, C. A., & Curriero, F. C. (2016). Associations between drug and alcohol use patterns and sexual risk in a sample of African American men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 20(3), 590–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1214-8
- Tran, B. X., Dang, A. K., Vu, G. T., Tran, T. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2019a). Patient satisfaction with HIV services in Vietnam: Status, service models and association with treatment outcome. PloS One, 14(11), e0223723. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223723
- Tran, B. X., Fleming, M., Nguyen, T. M. T., Vu, G. T., Vuong, Q. H., Ho, M.-T., Dam, N. V., Vuong, T. T., Do, H. N., Doan, L. P., Latkin, C., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2019b). Changes in substance abuse and HIV risk behaviors over 12-month methadone maintenance treatment among Vietnamese patients in mountainous provinces. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(13), 2442–2454. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132422 doi: 10.3390/ijerph16132442
- Vermunt, J. K. (2017). Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches. Political Analysis, 18(4), 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq025
- Wilkerson, J. M., Noor, S. W., Rhoton, J. M., Li, D., & Rosser, B. R. S. (2018). Differentially classified methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men: A latent class analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 192, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.003
- Wilkinson, A. L., El-Hayek, C., Fairley, C. K., Roth, N., Tee, B. K., McBryde, E., Hellard, M., & Stoove, M. (2017). Measuring transitions in sexual risk among men who have sex with men: The novel use of latent class and latent transition analysis in HIV sentinel surveillance. American Journal of Epidemiology, 185(8), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww239
- Workowski, K., & Bolan, G. (2015). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 64(3), 1–140.