References
- Abah, R. C. (2014). The Demographic implications of the HIV prevalence trend in Nigeria. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 5(1), 277–277. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2014.277
- Asiedu, C., Asiedu, E., & Owusu, F. (2012). The Socio-economic Determinants of HIV/AIDS infection rates in Lesotho, Malawi, Swaziland and Zimbabwe. Development Policy Review, 30(3), 305–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00578.x
- Baird, S., Chirwa, E., McIntosh, C., & Ozler, B. (2010). The short-term impacts of a schooling conditional cash transfer program on the sexual behavior of young women. Health Economics, 19(Suppl), 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1002/hec.1569
- Egede, L. E., Voronca, D., Walker, R. J., & Thomas, C. (2017). Rural-Urban differences in trends in the wealth index in Kenya: 1993-2009. Annals of Global Health, 83(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2017.04.001
- Emina, J. B. O., Madise, N., Kuepie, M., Zulu, E. M., & Ye, Y. (2013). Identifying HIV most-at-risk groups in Malawi for targeted interventions. A classification tree model. BMJ Open, 3(5), e002459. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002459
- Erulkar, A., & Ferede, A. (2009). Social Exclusion and early or Unwanted sexual Initiation among Poor urban Females in Ethiopia. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 35(4), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1363/3518609. www.jstor.org/stable/25614615
- Fitzgerald-Husek, A., Martiniuk, A. L., Hinchcliff, R., Aochamus, C. E., & Lee, R. B. (2011). I do what I have to do to survive": an investigation into the perceptions, experiences and economic considerations of women engaged in sex work in Northern Namibia. BMC Women's Health, 11(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-11-35
- Fox, A. M. (2012). The HIV-poverty thesis re-examined: Poverty, wealth or inequality as a social determinant of HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa? Journal of Biosocial Science, 44(4), 459–480. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021932011000745
- Gerassi, L. (2015). From exploitation to Industry: Definitions, Risks, and Consequences of domestic sexual exploitation and Sex Work Among women and girls. Journal Of Human Behavior In The Social Environment, 25(6), 591–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2014.991055
- Igulot, P., & Magadi, M. A. (2018). Socioeconomic status and vulnerability to HIV infection in Uganda: Evidence from Multilevel Modelling of AIDS indicator survey data. AIDS Research and Treatment, 2018, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7812146
- Magadi, M. A. (2016). Understanding the urban–rural disparity in HIV and poverty nexus: The case of Kenya. Journal of Public Health, 39(3), e63–e72. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdw065
- Mishra, V., Assche, S. B.-V., Greener, R., Vaessen, M., Hong, R., Ghys, P. D., Boerma, J. T., Van Assche, A., Khan, S., & Rutstein, S. (2007). HIV infection does not disproportionately affect the poorer in sub-Saharan Africa. Aids (london, England), 21(Suppl 7), S17–S28. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000300532.51860.2a
- Mkandawire-Valhmu, L., Bauer, W. S., Stevens, P. E., Galvao, L. W., Grande, K. M., Yerges, A., … Weinhardt, L. (2016). Rural Malawian women's Resistance to Systematic Oppression, Violence, and abuse by their Husbands. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(1-2), 268–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516682518
- Msisha, W. M., Kapiga, S. H., Earls, F., & Subramanian, S. V. (2008). Socioeconomic status and HIV seroprevalence in Tanzania: A counterintuitive relationship. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37(6), 1297–1303. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn186
- National Statistical, O. M., & Icf. (2017). Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015-16. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR319/FR319.pdf
- Parkhurst, J. O. (2010). Understanding the correlations between wealth, poverty and human immunodeficiency virus infection in African countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88(7), 519–526. https://doi.org/10.2471/blt.09.070185
- Rutstein, S. O., & Johnson, K. (2004). The DHS wealth index. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/CR6/CR6.pdf
- Schur, N., Mylne, A., Mushati, P., Takaruza, A., Ward, H., Nyamukapa, C., & Gregson, S. (2015). The effects of household wealth on HIV prevalence in Manicaland, Zimbabwe - a prospective household census and population-based open cohort study. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(1), 20063. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.20063
- Smith, L. M., Hein, N. A., & Bagenda, D. (2019). Cash transfers and HIV/HSV-2 prevalence: A replication of a cluster randomized trial in Malawi. PLoS ONE, 14(1), e0210405. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210405
- Staveteig, S., & Mallick, L. (2014). Intertemporal comparisons of poverty and wealth with DHS data: A harmonized asset index approach. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/MR15/MR15.pdf
- UNAIDS. (2019). UNAIDS Data 2019.
- Waruru, A., Achia, T. N. O., Tobias, J. L., Ng'ang'a, J., Mwangi, M., Wamicwe, J., Zielinski-Gutierrez, E., Oluoch, T., Muthama, E., & Tylleskär, T. (2018). Finding Hidden HIV Clusters to support Geographic-Oriented HIV interventions in Kenya. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 78(2), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001652
- Weinhardt, L. S., Galvao, L. W., Yan, A. F., Stevens, P., Mwenyekonde, T. N., Ngui, E., Emer, L., Grande, K. M., Mkandawire-Valhmu, L., & Watkins, S. C. (2017). Mixed-Method Quasi-Experimental study of outcomes of a large-scale Multilevel economic and food security intervention on HIV vulnerability in rural Malawi. AIDS and Behavior, 21(3), 712–723. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1455-1